General Motors Company Case Analysis - 2051 Words

General Motors Company General Motors Company, more often known as GM, is a multinational firm that specializes in designing, manufacturing, marketing and distributing vehicles and vehicle parts. It was founded in 1908 by William Durant and Charles Mott and led global vehicle sales for 77 consecutive years (1931 – 2007.) GM is now one of the largest automakers in the world. The auto company employs 212,000 people and does business in more than 120 countries. As a consolidated global entity, with production operations in over 35 countries, GM faces several opportunities for risk exposure. The three main classes of risks that GM faces include operational risk, financial risk and legal, or compliance, risk. Operational risk is one of the largest risks that GM faces, as it includes exposure to failures of their people, their processes, systems and any external events. With operations in countries all over the world, GM is constantly restructuring their day-to-day processes and the structure of the specific operations. For example, they are currently facing difficult operating and market conditions in certain countries, like in Europe, and are forced to restructure, impair or rationalize these operations. As smooth and successful operations in all countries that they do business in is one the keys to their achievement, a failure in these restructurings would result in a significant negative impact to the company. Unfortunately the only thing that they can do toShow MoreRelatedGeneral Motors And The U.s. Auto Industry1029 Words   |  5 Pages Five Forces Analysis of General Motors and the U.S. Auto Industry Trinity Washington University Jessica Jackson I realize the responsibility involved in membership in the Trinity community. I agree to abide by the rules and regulations of this community. 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How Advertising Affects What We Buy - 846 Words

To understand how advertising affects what we buy, we must first have an understanding of what advertising is. Advertising, in its simplest terms, is the activity or profession of producing advertisements for commercial products or services. However, is that all advertising truly is? There is not a single generally accepted definition of advertising. Advertising is a form of communication used by a marketer to relay information about a product to consumers, thus creating awareness (What Advertising is†¦ 1). Advertising is very important to our way of life and is viewed differently depending on the perspective of the viewer. Until the 19th century there were no advertising agents either in Europe or in America. Anyone who wished to advertise had to deal directly with their local newspapers. By 1800, difficulties and complexities were beginning to grow up around the simple, direct relation between merchant and newspaper. The new complexities of business had created a need for a sp ecializing middleman. The work of these advertising specialists were to assist in the buying and selling of a commodity, namely, newspaper space. By the 1830s editors in large cities were finding it advisable to send out employees from time to time among the local merchants and manufacturers to solicit orders for advertising (Hower 13-17). Two of the earliest advertising agents of whom we have definite record, Volney B. Palmer of Philadelphia, and John Hooper of New York, started their advertisingShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Advertising On Today s Culture863 Words   |  4 Pageseverywhere today. Author James Twitchell says, â€Å"Adcult is there when we blink, it s there when we listen, it s there when we touch, it s even there to be smelled in scent strips when we open a magazine.† There are thousands of products being advertised every minute, and they are being promoted in all sorts of ways. 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Cultural Intimacy Social Poetics in the Nation-State

Question: Describe about the Cultural intimacy of Social poetics in the nation-state? Answer: 1. The marketing manager will design plans which will ensure a successful launch into the New Zealand Market. The main area of focus will be to hit the entire demographic segment with its renowned designer mobile phones, covering the high income as well as the medium income group. 2.The viability of the marketing plan and strategy should be confirmed from the immediate superior, who could be the General Manager of the company. He in turn may contact the Research and Development Team. 3.It is possible to formulate a number of marketing activities to attract the wide range of customers belonging to different age, gender, profession and cultural beliefs. Cultural social appropriateness- One of the main motives is to hit the society at large by designing lucrative handsets according to the customers age and gender. Various kiosks could be set up at public gatherings or shop-in-shops can also be set up inside various shopping malls. Cost- The cost of the handsets should be kept at a very competitive level. Neither it should be too high nor too low than the competitors. The prices should be displayed in an attractive manner through banners or hoardings both on the road and inside the shop-in-shops also. Viability suitability- The products should be made available to the customers easily. There should be adequate number of dealers and proper advertising and promotional events must be done to create the awareness of the brand in the mind of the customers. For implementing these activities, permission or approval needs to be obtained from the Regional Sales Manager, who in turn will seek approval from the National Head of the organization after proper discussion with the concerned persons. In this section we are going to elaborate the costs associated with 2 of the marketing activities. a) Cost of kiosk set up - The average cost of setting up a kiosk could be 130 NZD. Along with that there could be some associated costs for the refreshment of the person at the kiosk. b) Cost of shop-in-shop The average cost of developing a shop-in-shop inside a mall could be approximately 220 NZD. The first preference would be Kiosks as they could be set up in different locations at a comparatively cheaper cost. The second choice will be setting up the shop-in-shops at various malls, which will be obviously more expensive. The resources required for setting up shop-in-shops as well as kiosks are a good advertising campaign, organizations who build customized kiosks and shop-in-shops, a few employees of the company who would sit in the kiosks and look after the shop-in-shops. Some people might also be hired from the outside (Brown Harvey, 2011). After deciding on the marketing plan finally, the company needs to intimate that to the marketing and advertising department. Each employee must actively participate in the process and for that purpose the company should design certain banners and place them inside the office premises to catch the attention of every employee and make them involved in the process. In order to connect with the people of different cultures, beliefs and ages in New Zealand, firstly, the organization should take care to learn the native language of the place. They should understand the socio-cultural scenario and the tastes and preferences of the entire demographic segment. Secondly, the persons associated with the company should have good communication skills, along with convincing and understanding powers. A successful company is one who has crossed the barriers of nationality into the international market. The motto of Somotel should be to empathize with the native people of New Zealand and understand their values and culture and then provide services keeping that in mind. The company has to face many challenges while setting up business in the international market and a majority of the success depends on the proper negotiation skills. After all the strategies have been approved by the higher authority, it is finally the time for implementation. It is very important to follow the guidelines which have been designed. The budget should be put into practice and care should be taken so that there is minimum deviation. In this way the promotional activities need to be launched. The promotional activities should be wisely assigned to the respective persons. It is to be observed that these plans and strategies are followed religiously and there is no deviation. For this reason the supervisors should monitor what their subordinates are doing and in case of breach, proper action should be taken. After setting up the objectives of the company, they should be properly implemented to be on the right path. From time to time the managers should monitor the business performance of the employees and see whether they are working in the right direction or not. Periodical appraisal programs should be developed for each employee. Here we will discuss about how the marketing activities meet the various legal, ethical, safety cultural requirements. For any organization, in order to succeed in the long run, especially in the international market, it is of utmost importance to follow all the legal and ethical requirements. The performance of the marketing plan should be monitored at every level. Every process shall be strictly monitored by the respective supervisors who have been assigned their respective tasks. It should be maintained by the entire hierarchy and strict action should be taken if any one deviates. In case of any gap between the performance as desired and as obtained, the company should act very smart in dealing with such issues. It should investigate the reason for such gap and try to understand the reason behind it. If it is found that the employee is guilty, then at first the employer should use constructive criticism and try to deal with the employee one to one. If this does not solve the problem in future, then the manager can take a strong action against him. In case there is an over-achievement of targets by the employee, then the company should provide him with incentives and rewards. The company should put special focus on the performing employees and motivate them more and more and reward them accordingly because this will increase their motivation. In order to motivate the staffs to perform more, the company has to set up rewards and recognitions programs, lucrative incentive structures and promotion paths for the employees. The employees should always be motivated to work more and give that extra effort, so that they can earn their promotions and incentives. The marketing mix comprises of the following:- Product Price Place Promotion Regarding all these criteria, it is very important for the company to get proper feedback from the customers. What the customers feel about the product, whether they like it or not, what could be improved, should be known, if the company has to sustain in the international market. A constant research work needs to be present in order to identify the varying tastes and preferences of the customers. The world is dynamic. What is liked today may not be liked tomorrow. So the company should continuously update its products and services according to the demand of the customers (Bryman, 2012). The SWOT analysis method can be used to identify changes in the market phenomena for new business opportunities. Here is a brief description of the process:- Strength- identifies the strength of the company compared with the rivals. Weakness- what are the areas of weakness where the company should rectify. Opportunity- it refers to what could be the new opportunities for the company in the industry. Threats- In this analysis, it is to be seen what are the rival companies and what threats they can pose for the company (Rapport, 2014). International Commercial Terms (INCOTERMS) - Incoterms or International Commercial Terms refer to various regulations relating to trade and commerce which are followed in both domestic and international trade. They are framed by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). It makes the international trading easier. It was passed in 1936 and has been updated over a period of time and the last one was in 2010. Customs Legislation Amendment and Repeal Act- It refers to a bill which was passed in order to make amendments and also to revoke certain legislative clauses relating to the Customs and similar purposes. It was passed last on 2000. It is also known as International Trade Modernization Bill. Trade Practices Act- The Trade Practices Act was introduced in Australia in 1974 in order to have control and regulation over the trading activities. It replaced the prevailing Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1971. It was passed to frame some basic set of guidelines for the legal occurrence of trade and commerce in Australia. Warsaw Convention- The Warsaw Convention was signed on 12th October 1929 in Warsaw, the capital of Poland. It is a treaty which relates to various clauses relating to international aviation. It lays down various liabilities relating to the aircraft company, both in case of passenger travel and goods travel. It came into force from 13th February 1933. World Trade Organization- It came into existence on 1st January 1995. It is an organization for the regularization of international trade. Its headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland. Its main objective is to liberalize and supervise international trade. It has currently 160 member countries under its supervision. Organizational client relationship strategy- For any organization the clients are the main seeds of revenue and growth. So a firm should give absolute priority to servicing the clients and retaining their loyalty towards the organization for a long period of time. This can be done by developing capable relationship managers and training them well on how to service clients with loyalty and knowledge (Herzfeld, 2014). References: Herzfeld, M. (2014).Cultural intimacy: Social poetics in the nation-state. Routledge. Rapport, N. (2014).Social and cultural anthropology: The key concepts. Routledge. Bryman, A. (2012).Social research methods. Oxford university press. Brown, D. R., Harvey, D. (2011).An experiential approach to organization development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Tehran Chokes and Blames Severe Pollution on US Sanctions

Table of Contents Summary Introduction Analysis Conclusion Reference List Summary This article (Dehghan 2010) explains the effects of pollution on Tehran and why sanctions are imposed by US government. Tehran is overpopulated and since the major mode of transport is by road a lot of carbon dioxide is emitted into the air hence the air in that city is polluted and when this gas is added to the gases emitted by the newly established refineries, the amount of carbon dioxide and other toxins doubles.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Tehran Chokes and Blames Severe Pollution on US Sanctions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is an example of negative externality since pollution is caused by the daily activities in Tehran. In the recent past, people could stand minimal pollution but the current situation has become unbearable. The sanction against Iran hinders it from trading with other nations. On its part the Iranian government has been pointing an accusing finger on US government. Introduction An externality emerges when a third party is affected by any economic undertaking, thus they may experience either cost or benefit. A benefit is normally referred to as a positive externality, whereas a cost is termed as a negative externality. Things like technology are considered to be positive externalities because they benefit not only the inventors but the society at large. Negative externalities include air pollution and the social cost of drug usage (Mankiw 2008). In this regard, Iran is the world’s largest source of crude oil but then it has not been refining this oil due to lack of adequate facilities. The trade in crude oil has been doing well in the past until recently when US imposed sanctions on Iran which barred other nations from trading with Iran. While the government insists on the effect of air pollution, these sanctions have impacted negatively on Iran due to pollution. T his paper seeks to establish the effect of pollution and sanctions, and the solutions to these types of externality. Analysis The trade in crude oil has been beneficial to Iran because its economy relies on oil since its terrain cannot support other economic activities such as agriculture hence mining forms the base of economy in Iran. Just a few months ago the US government has imposed sanctions that have hindered trade between Iran and other nations and since Iran exports crude oil to other countries where its refined and then imported to Iran, the country has been devastated. The production of oil in Iran and motorized transport has resulted to excessive air pollution which in turn has made the city to be in bad condition. The sanctions have affected other economic sectors including banking because large amounts of money held by banks have been frozen hence there is inadequate supply of currency in Iran (Wright 2007). The US government imposed sanctions with the aim of punishing the Iranian government but then the punishment did not land on the intended target because by looking at the situation on the ground its not the government that is being punished but the common people.Advertising Looking for report on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The pollution has persisted which has led to the closure of learning institutions because the gases emitted are quite toxic such that people have to put on gas masks to avoid breathing in the carbon monoxide and its harmful compounds (Dehghan 2010). In this regard, air pollution is considered a negative externality. The certainty of production and consumption externalities leads to differences in private and social costs of production and usage. This implies that the costs and benefits of externalities should be added to the social cost and social benefits respectively (Mankiw 2008). This is the case of Tehran since sanctions and air pollution has resulted in social costs as explained in the previous paragraphs. The following graphs explain the concept of negative externality, where: MSC = Marginal Social Cost; MPC = Marginal Private Cost; MPB = Marginal Private Benefit; and MSB = Marginal Social Benefit. Graph 1: Negative externality in Consumption This type of externality is experienced since the MPB (the demand curve of Tehran’s oil producing companies) exceeds the MSB (the demands of the society). Thus, the people of Tehran tend to like a quantity Q1 and the companies producing oil prefer quantity Q2. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Tehran Chokes and Blames Severe Pollution on US Sanctions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Graph 2: Negative Externality in Production The shaded area represents the externality brought about by production. This is because the MPC (the cost of producing crude oil) is less than the MSC (the effects of pollution on people and the environment). Thus, the MPC is skewed to the right. The strategy of controlling the externality would require merging the social cost/benefits to the private costs/benefits. In trying to solve the problem of pollution and sanctions, Iran has been forced to look for alternatives to make sure its crude oil is refined because it does not sell crude oil because it does not have a refinery plant. Thus Iran has opted to refine the crude oil herself. Perhaps this is because the government of Iran is aware of the demand for oil is high all over the world. Kessler (2008) explains that it is clear that the government of Iran did not consider the effects of polluting the environment and this means they don’t have proper mechanisms of recycling the gases generated at their refinery. According to an article from the Tehran Times (2010), the Iranian government has realized that the sanctions could lead to economic decline but then its latest option has done more harm than good beca use vital sectors such as education has been halted. In addition, to that the health of Tehranians is at risk and of late more people have been admitted into hospitals because they can not breathe well. Besides, the mayor of Tehran, Qalibaf has urged the government to improve public transport with the aim of reducing air pollution. Measures include using alternate means of transport such as mass transportation and bicycling and imposing restrictions on road usage (Tehran Times 2010). The government cannot afford to ignore the refining of crude oil but it should consider introducing mechanisms of capturing the gases before they are emitted into the atmosphere. Alternatively, the refinery plant can be relocated to an isolated place far from human settlements (Torbat 2005).Advertising Looking for report on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Air pollution has been the major cause of Tehran problems. The Iranian government should consider giving in to the demands of US government for the sake of its citizens so as to have the sanctions lifted because the sanctions will eventually lead to decline in economy which will result to other problems such as civil unrest. According to Fassihi and Cummins (2008) the refineries of oil emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which depletes the ozone layer which in return contributes to global warming. Air pollution is therefore a negative externality that should be avoided. Hence, the government should consider these effects and engage with the American government in negotiations. Reference List Dehghan, Saeed. 2010. â€Å"Tehran chokes and blames severe pollution on US sanctions†. The Guardian. Web. Fassihi, Farnaz and Cummins Chip. 2008.†Iranians Scheme to Elude Sanctions†. Wall Street Journal. Web. Kessler, Glenn. 2008.†US links Iranian Bank to Fifth Avenue Building†. The Washington Post. Web. Mankiw, Gregory. 2008. Principles of Economics. 5th ed. USA: Cengage Learning. Tehran Times. 2010. â€Å"Improving Public Transport is right Solution to Air Pollution†. Web. Torbat, Akbar. 2005. †Impacts of the US trade and financial sanctions on Iran†, The world Economy, vol 28, No.3, pp.407-437. Wright, Steven. 2007. The United States and Persian Gulf Security: The foundations of the war on terror. Ithaca Press. 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