The Firestone Tire Controversy

In May 2000, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in the United States issued a letter to the Ford Motor Co. and Firestone Inc. asking for information about the high incidence of tire failures on the Ford Explorer Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs). During July, Ford analyzed the data on tire failures. The analysis revealed that Firestone Radial 15 inch ATX and ATX II tires produced in North America and Wilderness AT tires produced at Decatur, Illinois Plant had very high failure rates with the treads peeling off.When the tires failed, the vehicle often rolled over and killed the occupants. Firestone amid concerns over tread separation, accidents, injury and death announced a voluntary recall of all Radial ATX and ATX II and Wilderness AT tires. Around 6. 5 million tires were recalled. These tires were original equipment on certain Ford Explorer SUVs, Mercury Mountaineer, Ford Ranger pick up trucks and Mazda Navajo and B-series pick up trucks. The Firestone tire reca ll was perhaps the biggest auto safety crisis in the US history.NHTSA put the death figure in February 2001 at 174 which has risen from 101 deaths reported in September 2000. However, analysts felt that there were as many as 250 deaths and more than 3000 injuries associated with the defective tires. Most of the deaths occurred in accidents involving the Ford Explorer and the victims and their families filed hundreds of lawsuits. In May 2001, Firestone announced that it was severing its ties with Ford and alleged that the problems in the Ford Explorer caused 174 deaths.Firestone alleged that Ford was trying to divert attention from the problems with Explorer. Ford and Firestone seemed to have known about the flaws in the tires for almost a year prior to the recall but it wasn't until NHTSA launched a preliminary investigation that Firestone announced a voluntary recall. Questions were raised about how Ford and Firestone responded to the first evidence of tire problems. Ford officials said that the issue first surfaced in Saudi Arabia, where drivers were prone to deflate their tires for better traction while driving in the desert sand.When they returned to hard pavement, they failed to reinflate the tires and the combination of low pressure and extreme climate led to tire disintegration. Ford replaced the tires on some 45,000 vehicles in the Middle East and in several other countries with extreme temperatures. NHTSA officials felt that Explorers were too heavy for the 15-inch tires. However, there was no definitive evidence to indicate that Ford's design specification for Explorer's tires was to blame.A lawyer representing some of the victims said, â€Å"There are a lot of smoke and mirrors going on, Ford can say it's Firestone's fault, and Firestone can say it's Ford's fault. â€Å"5 John Lampe, Executive vice president, Firestone, said that Firestone would replace any tires found to be unsafe. Susan Sizemore, public relations manager at Bridgestone's US head quarters in Nashville said, â€Å"This is not a recall. It's a customer satisfaction initiative. If necessary, we are replacing those tires with either our tires or a competitor's. Firestone alleged that Ford Explorer without Firestone tires were still experiencing rollover problems. Officials conceded that some of the Firestone tires involved in the recall were apparently world class tires and did not appear to have safety problems but said the tires needed to be included in the recall because of loss of customer confidence in the Firestone tires. The committee investigating the case after hearing from both sides said that there was a need for further analysis by an independent source such as NHTSA about both the Explorer and the tires.In 2001, Firestone announced that it would shut down one of its US plants, which could be its Decatur, Illinois, plant by no later than December 31, 2001. This would eliminate some 1, 500 jobs. Bridgestone recorded a net loss of $ 250. 3 million for the first half of 2001 because of the tire recall. In the first half of 2000, Bridgestone recorded a net profit of 18. 90 billion yen. An extraordinary loss of $ 570 million taken by Firestone in June 2001 to pay lawsuits and clear up other costs related to the tire recall was the main reason behind the loss.Company sourced said that they would try to revive their North American operations by shifting focus to the Bridgestone brand. Shigeo Watanabe, president of Bridgestone said, â€Å"I don't think the Firestone brand will disappear, but the Bridgestone brand will grow. † The recall of 6. 5 million Firestone tires on the Ford Explorer in August 2000 cost Ford about $ 500 million. Explorer sales had plunged 21% in 2001. The company's earnings were expected to sink by 65% in 2001. Ford's share of the US automobile market had fallen by 1. 7 percentage points in 2001 to 23. 1%.Officials at Ford felt that the future of Ford (Explorer) would depend on how customers responded to F ord's reaction to the crisis. One official said, â€Å"My message to consumers is, if you don't think we have behaved in the way the world's leading consumer company should behave, then tell us, because we want to earn that loyalty and respect. â€Å"7 Commenting on Ford's future relationship with Firestone, that official said, â€Å"Given the importance of the relationship between tires and vehicle safety, and the importance of brand perception, how can you put Firestone tires on the new Explorer that comes out next year? â€Å"

Themed hotel

Themed hotel has almost fifty years history. Since the first themed hotel was established in California by Madonna in 1958,it has been developed into on of the most typical theme hotels in America. Themed hotels can satisfy customer's spiritual and emotional needs,it has been introduced in China in 2001 . During the following ten years many history related themed hotels have emerged. Len Holman hotels have become more and more competitive due to the lack In diversity.TLS dissertation selects many theme hotels both In China and other countries as case of successful application of experiential marketing to analysis and study,Len order to provide marketing strategies for the further development of the themed hotel In Holman. According to my research, I advice themed hotels In Human taking the following measures to ensure a more sustainable and prosperous future. Flirts,all faceless In hotel should be focused on the same theme. Second,hotels need to put emphasis on customers emotional ne eds. Told,alt Is very Important to let hotel staff understand the true meaning of the hotel theme and do whatever It takes to express he meaning of the theme during their service. Themed hotel has almost fifty years history. Since the first themed hotel was established in California by Madonna in 1958,it has been developed into on of the most typical theme hotels in America.Themed hotels can satisfy customers spiritual and emotional needs,it has been introduced in China in 2001 . During the following ten years many history related themed hotels have emerged. Len Hanna hotels have become more and more competitive due to the lack in diversity. This dissertation selects many theme hotels OTOH in China and other countries as case of successful application of experiential marketing to analysis and study,in order to provide marketing strategies for the further development of the themed hotel in Hanna.According to my research, I advice themed hotels in Hanna taking the following measures t o ensure a more sustainable and prosperous future. First,all facilities in hotel should be focused on the same theme. Second,hotels need to put emphasis on customers emotional needs. Third,alt is very important to let hotel staff understand the true meaning of the tool theme and do whatever it takes to express the meaning of the theme during their service.BY Iroquois spiritual and emotional needs,it has been introduced in China in 2001 . During the following ten years many history related themed hotels have emerged. Len Hanna hotels have become more and more competitive due to the lack in diversity. This dissertation selects many theme hotels both in China and other countries as case of successful application of experiential marketing to analysis and study,in order to roved marketing strategies for the further development of the themed hotel in Hanna.According to my research, I advice themed hotels in Hanna taking the following measures to ensure a more sustainable and prosperous fu ture. First,all facilities in hotel should be focused on the same theme. Second,hotels need to put emphasis on customers emotional needs. Third,alt is very important to let hotel staff understand the true meaning of the hotel theme and do whatever it takes to express Themed hotels can satisfy customer's spiritual and emotional needs,

Element Rubidium

Origin of name: from the Latin word â€Å"rubidius† meaning â€Å"dark red† or â€Å"deepest red†. Atomic Number:  37 Symbol:  Rb Atomic Weight:  85. 4678 Say what? Rubidium is pronounced as  roo-BID-ee-em. Discovery:  R. Bunsen, G. Kirchoff 1861 (Germany), discovered rubidium in the mineral petalite via its dark red spectral lines. Element Classification:  Alkali Metal Density (g/cc):  1. 532 Melting Point (K):  312. 2 Boiling Point (K):  961 Appearance:  soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal Atomic Radius (pm):  248 Atomic Volume (cc/mol):  55. 9 Covalent Radius (pm):  216 Ionic Radius:  147 (+1e) Specific Heat (@20 °C J/g mol):  0. 360 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol):  2. 0 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol):  75. 8 Pauling Negativity Number:  0. 82 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol):  402. 8 Oxidation States:  +1 Lattice Structure:  Body-Centered Cubic Lattice Constant (A):  5. 590 CAS Registry Number:  7440-17-7 Properties:  Ru bidium may be liquid at room temperature. It ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently in water, setting fire to the liberated hydrogen. Thus, rubidium must be stored under dry mineral oil, in a vacuum, or in an inert atmosphere. It is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali group. Rubidium forms amalgams with mercury and alloys with gold, sodium, potassium, and cesium.Rubidium glows red-violet in a flame test. Rubidium Trivia: †¢ Rubidium melts just a little above body temperature. †¢ Rubidium was discovered using spectroscopy. When Bunsen and Kirchoff examined their sample of petalite, they found two red spectral lines deep into the red part of the spectrum. They named their new element rubidium after the Latin word  rubidus  meaning ‘deepest red'. †¢ Rubidium is the second most electropositive element. †¢ Rubidium can be used to give fireworks a red-violet color. †¢ Rubidium is the 23rd  most abundant element in the Earth' s crust. Rubidium chloride is used in biochemistry as a biomarker to track where potassium is taken up by living organisms. †¢ The hyper-fine electron structure of Rubidium-87 is used in some atomic clocks to maintain accuracy. †¢ The isotope Ru-87 was used by Eric Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, and Carl Wiemen to produce a Bose-Einstein condensate. This earned them the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics. Reference: †¢ http://chemistry. about. com/od/elementfacts/a/rubidium. htm †¢ http://www. lenntech. com/periodic/elements/rb. htm †¢ http://www. webelements. com/rubidium/ †¢ http://education. jlab. org/itselemental/ele037. html [pic]

Role Played by the French Revolution in France's Socialist History Term Paper

Role Played by the French Revolution in France's Socialist History - Term Paper Example Socialism falls as an economic and political approach that advocates for state-owned companies and state-restricted allocation of capital brought about as a result of democracy. The principles of socialism, in addition, takes account of demands for influential industries, utilities, banking and natural resources to be publicly owned as well as for publicly owned social services like healthcare (Jaures 2). France has had a very interesting socialist history. The French revolution has had a lot to do with the socialist history in that country. The roles played by the French revolution in France’s socialist history are the center of attention of this article. This article will discuss the roles that the French revolution played in the development of socialism, seeking to defend it over the communism theory. Background theory of socialism The term socialism dates back to 1832 from L. Pierre, an editor of the Parisian magazine, Le Globe. After that, socialism was defined with a var iety of meanings as the family of socialism bred from Western Europe to America, Russia, Australia, and Asia. It is misguidedly assumed that Russians came up with both communism and socialism and shipped them, when in reality they borrowed these principles of politics and economy from Western Europe and eventually invented their own edition of them. The many meanings of socialism developed in bits. This was from the disagreement on the ways by which a more evenhanded allocation of wealth in the public felt to be attained, a view of which no two socialist philosophies looked as if to concur. Marxist socialism projected the persuasive establishment of citizens’ autocracy. Conventional social democrats’ proposed parliamentary reorganization and trade unions. Syndic lists advertized a universal demonstration of the workers. Christian socialists advertized a severe appliance of the beliefs of the Bible as well as trade unions, or associations, as they referred to them. Addi tionally, no two socialist beliefs could concur on why scarcity existed or how it had taken place in the beginning (Doyle 4). Role played by French revolution in France’s socialist history The French Revolution stands as a whopping factor for developing the socialist theory. The French Revolution, in some way, set the arrival of the working class. It recognized the two critical circumstances for socialism: capitalism and democracy. The revolution preordained the coming of the bourgeois (socio-economic) class. The revolution also saw the development of political and economic interest groups, large-scale industries, and the working class. These increased figure and desires brought nervousness to the farmers who were angered with opposition and plagued by the industrial and commercial feudalism, and the moral unrest of the learned bourgeoisie; whose fragile sensibilities stand as a commercial and vicious society upset, all of which have slowly paved way to a new social crisis. I t paved the way to a novel and more philosophical revolution; an upheaval through which the working class will get hold of power in order to transform assets and principles. So stands the march and the interaction of social groups since 1789 that people wish to narrate. It proves always somewhat random to lay out clear limitations and divisions in the continuous and nuanced development of life. Nevertheless

Personal Case Study Reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Case Study Reflection - Assignment Example The other team members I lead are J.J (John), Su and Wang. Leadership and Communication (interpersonal communication) Proper communication is a very crucial skill in leadership. Communication is the core element of leadership since the leader is set in a position of dealing with human beings who naturally differ in behavior and emotional stability (Goldhaber, 1993). Different people communicate differently and to set a healthy interpersonal communication among them, the leader has to be knowledgeable of their distinct nature and handle them with relevant and appropriate skills to ensure that work continues in an atmosphere conducive for interpersonal relations (Agarwal, 2010). The leader must develop appropriate communication skills when dealing with his or her subjects. This promotes high productivity among the subject and even sets the working environment full of peace and tranquility (Goldhaber, 1993). In my groups first meeting, everyone maintained the state of tranquility since we were ball strangers and everybody was mindful about the exposure of their true personalities; but, in the second meeting, hell broke loose. Lack of communication; especially between Su and J.J, who seemed to be different in everything from the content of their ideas to the nature of their personalities. It appeared that at times they were both right but had different ways of how they presented their ideas and this led to further confusion. Effective communication involves should be maintained both between the management and the subjects and between the subjects themselves for proper interpersonal communication (Harvard business review on effective communication, 1999). As I reflect on what I had to go through to get the group working, I realized that the first and the most important element of leadership that the leader must struggle to have is the right communication skills for his or her subjects: the communication skills that will promote peace among the members. Motivational leadership and Goal setting I had to set the goals and ensure all the team members adhered to the conditions set to meet these goals. However, the team members needed motivation in order to execute the processes set to meet these goals. Wang’s personality and attitude was not good enough to get the team effective and efficient. On the other side, Su was effective and hardworking, but too had her limitations when it came to communication strategies. She was the emotional type who would rather please her emotions at the opportunity cost of her function. J.J or John was the worst in the group. He was non co-operative and controversial. He paralyzed the group’s progress with this negative attitude. All these had to be solved so fast before the time limitation. Because of the differences between Su and John, Wang’s non-contributory nature was making the group’s situation worse; and this is why I had to think fast and provide the necessary motivation she requir ed. If only she could emerge effective at the face of Su and Johns differences, they would realize the need for important contribution other than conflict and this really took the group extra miles. She effectively contributed on one occasion and surprised everyone with the great ideas she came out with – attributed to the motivation and the boost of self-confidence she attained when we had a private talk. Su and John started to resolve their conflicts and in the last meeting, they were all helpful as the group met for the final revision of the

Software engineering Module assessment 2 Assignment

Software engineering Module assessment 2 - Assignment Example SCRUM views the systems development process as a collection of actions that integrate known workable mechanisms and procedures with the best development team to develop systems. Since these actions are loose, controls to handle the process and underlying risks are used. SCRUM is a typical upgrade of the commonly utilised incremental object-oriented development cycle. Although waterfall methodology makes it compulsory the use of undefined processes, it has a huge drawback. Its linear nature gives it this large drawback. The process does not provide way of responding to unanticipated output from any of the transitional stages. This method is analogous to the peeling of onion layers that corresponds to users deciding whether to send prototype back to preceding phases or termination of the development process. Spiral methodology stages and stage processes are linear. Requirement analysis and design activities are conducted in requirements phase and design phase respectively with each of the stages comprising of linear, precisely and clearly communicated defined processes This is an improvement on the Spiral method. Each of the iteration comprises of all phases in standard Waterfall model. Each of these iterations covers a single set of parsed functionality. The overall project deliverable expected is subdivided into designated subsystems, each with clean interfaces. This method allows one to test the feasibility of a subsystem and its technology in the inceptive iterations. Later iterations improve the the project while increasing the speed of delivery. This method increases flexibility, has a better cost control and checks delivery of systems. Nevertheless, the Iterative method is also linear as underlying development processes are still defined and linear. Each of the development technologies improve on another with no significant change. Both the Spiral and Iterative methods implement a risk control techniques

Today hero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Today hero - Essay Example Ideally, a hero is someone who rises above adversity or faces dangerous situations with valor and courage. In the face of danger and adversity, the courageous actor is willing to be self-sacrificing for the greater good. In this regard, the true meaning of the term hero is one who is distinguished by bravado and near superhuman will to help others in distress at his or her own expense. In the late 19th century Carlyle provides a common understanding of what makes a hero. He writes: Contemporary heroes however, challenge the true meaning of the term hero. Quite often we canonize people for athleticism, beauty, celebrity status, wealth and a number of other qualities that have little or nothing to do with valor, courage, strength or sacrifice. In this regard, today’s hero rarely possesses any of the qualities and strengths associated with heroism in its true form. One of the most endearing attractions to heroes is the thought that the individual can believe that heroism resides in each of us and we might, if we try, successfully emulate our heroes. However, with today’s assignations of heroism it is entirely impossible to be inspired. It is impossible to emulate wealth, beauty, athleticism or celebrity. On the other hand it is possible to emulate bravado, valor, courage and strength. So to this end, today’s heroes, rather than inspire positive feelings, discourage individuals and leave them feeling inadequate and entirely unsuccessful. The truth of the matter is that today, it simply enough to be famous or popular to attain the status of heroism. It has been argued by media observers that today’s youth culture is greatly influenced by media images and representations of heroes. For the most part many of these token heroes are not worthy role models. Essentially, that the media’s representation of heroism leaves an impression on young people. It is hardly surprising that in light of the

Highlight important points Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Highlight important points - Essay Example The series presents twelve substitutes that have socio-economic structures that extend the probabilities for equity, oneness, fairness, justice and a firm society (Bell 50). Some of these originate from diverse dispensations, some bear a national or global level, some come up because of revolutionary movements, some governments adopt while others reject such models in their policies. In these narratives, the female figures explicate on their role to form these models and depict their unique challenges and viewpoints in the movements. The book addresses an augmenting acceleration of making water, oil, land and the natural world a commodity, an issue that has elicited the matter of power play and the issue of taking away resources that some communities have survived and sustained themselves with since time immemorial. Oil is one instance where the domination of international affiliations has elicited displacement of masses of people, conflicts in the social arena and destroyed the relationship between aboriginal communities and their surroundings (Bell 18). The book asserts how diverse groups from the entire globe are struggling to shield an alternative comprehension of the globe and how people ought to handle it, however (Bell 21). They observe resources such as oil as a parcel of the worldwide commons, the collection of natural resources, fundamental services, social spaces, and cultural diversities that should be of public trust that everyone ought to enjoy rather than merchandise for sale. The Spanish term â€Å"el bien comun† meaning the common good, summarizes the conception of such assets. The basic notion of life, intelligence, inter-relationships, normal culture and earth’s treasures lies behind the commons and are not capital. In all places, aboriginal people are claiming their independence over their land, which inculcates the autonomy to self-ruling and ardent control

Critique of any Psy article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique of any Psy article - Essay Example The first hypothesis examined the improvements in children’s drawing performance with increase in age. The second hypothesis tested the following pattern of metacognitive experiences with drawing performance. Further, children’s feelings before and after the drawing was also hypothesized. Finally, the fourth hypothesis tested metacognitive experiences development with respect to type and complexity of drawing tasks. A total of 222 preschool and primary school children between the ages of 4-12 years participated in conduction of the research. Out of the 222 selected children, 40 were preschool and 69 were second grade, 65 were fourth grade and 48 were sixth grade children with equal gender representation. Testing involved completion of four drawing tasks conducted individually in their respective schools. Children were provided with white sheets and a pencil, and asked to draw two simple topics of choice and two scenes in which one object was occluded by the other. Metac ognitive experiences were measured by rating of a four point scale before and after each task. Around 90 to 96 percent of agreement existed between the two judges marking the scores. ANOVAs were applied to compare the differences among the hypothesized subject groups. The research results concluded that age has significant effects on overall drawing performance of children.

Impact of Boosters on Collegiate Athletics Essay

Impact of Boosters on Collegiate Athletics - Essay Example The researcher states that today, it could be seen often that recruited star collegiate athletes come to big colleges confident that in their respective sports, they will get a national championship. All of a sudden, the collegiate athlete’s way of life changes and he starts driving around college in a brand new automobile. These successes ensue, because the collegiate athlete directly receives money from some wealthy booster who is making efforts to live out the rest of his life through promising, young and susceptible athletes. The researcher focuses on the discussion of such issues and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of such programs and boosters. Every successful coach has several boosters. The most powerful boosters can lobby college presidents and politicians and boosters who are rich and influential can ensure that the coach obtains a lot of money for his shows such that he feels respected. In most cases, boosters’ violations of NCAA rules involve givin g cash or other gifts to individual coaches, providing enrolled collegiate players with additional benefits and the recruitment of potential collegiate players. Boosters are not allowed to provide them with any special arrangements including reduced-price housing, free meals at restaurants, expense money or movie passes. The researcher then concluds that athletic boosters should stick to the virtue of giving their support to athletic programs allowing the directors of athletics and coaches to assign the money in such a way that the whole team benefits.

Lung Cancer Physiology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lung Cancer Physiology - Research Paper Example In addition to lung cancer, being the most common type of cancer, it is also often tough to treat. This paper seeks to analyze the physiology of lung cancer, as well as the diagnosis and treatment process. Smoking is one of the major causes of lung cancer as it consists 80% of all reported cases of lung cancer. When smoking, an individual is considered to be absorbing more than 4000 cancerous chemicals. Even the nonsmokers are at risk of contracting lung cancer through passive smoking. Second hand smoking is considered as bad as first hand smoking itself. Radon is also a leading cause of cancer (Sebti & Jove, 2010). Radon is a radioactive gas that is invisible and odorless. Radon is a chemical found on the surface of the earth. When anybody gets in contact with the chemical, the effect is the same as smoking itself. Other ways that people can contract lung cancer is through having contact with carcinogens. The diagnosis of lung cancer can be through physical examination and history. In this, the signs and symptoms of lung cancer can be detected. The x-ray chest scan is the most common means of detecting lung cancer. The chest X-ray technique frequently encompasses an outlook from the back to the front of the torso as well as an outlook from sideways (Petricoin III et al, 2012). Computerized tomography (CT) and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans may be done on the abdomen, chest, brain to check for metastatic, and lung cancer. The analysis of lung cancer constantly necessitates verification of malicious cells by a pathologist. This is even when indications and X-ray examinations are apprehensive for lung cancer. Treatment of lung cancer can be done in many different ways. Lung cancer can be treated through surgery. Surgery is usually done in stage, one, and two. It is done through removal of tumors. Radiation therapy is also another form of lung cancer treatment. This can treat both SCLC and

Suicide among adolescents and young adults Essay Example for Free

Suicide among adolescents and young adults Essay The cause of suicide has long been the focus of many psychological research studies. Suicide is generally the result of people’s beliefs and reactions to particular situations and experiences. Most people commit suicide out of depression and hopelessness that a person cannot handle anymore. The members of the society who have the highest rate of suicide and suicide attempts are the adolescents and young adults. Suicide has become the second or third leading cause of death among adolescents 13 to 18 years old (Bondora Goodwin, 2005, p. 6). Suicide is also among the top three causes of death among adults 18 to 24 years old (Malone et al, 2000, p. 1084). Suicide among these particular groups has been the â€Å"driving force behind increases in the overall suicide rate, and rates are rising fast† (Bloch, 1999, p. 26). A study of Gould et al (2003) shows that about five to eight percent of adolescents, or approximately one million teenagers, attempt suicide. Out of these one million, only about 700,000 receive medical attention. Due to these alarming statistics, the objective of this research study is to find out the causes behind suicide cases and suicide attempts among young people under the age of 25 using an interdisciplinary approach. Identifying potential causes helps determine the appropriate solutions or medical remedy for a particular cause. The research also helps to evaluate the possible ways on how to prevent suicides among adolescents and young adults, helping decrease the morbidity rate among this population. Lastly, the research is important for the purpose of understanding what specific aspects of society can be shown to trigger adolescents and young adults to commit suicide. For many reasons, knowledge must be utilized from multiple viewpoints as determined by various disciplines in order to fully understand these stressful experiences (Repko, 2005). Moreover, suicide is a complex issue that can no longer be confined in the domains of mental and medical health. According to Goldsmith (2002), â€Å"suicide is a consequence of complex interactions among biological, psychological, cultural and sociological factors†. Thus an interdisciplinary approach is necessary to achieve the objective of this study. For this particular research study, the perspectives of psychology, sociology and religion disciplines are investigated and analyzed in relation to suicide. Psychology helps determine the relationship between suicide and the state and characteristics of the human mind and behavior. The field of psychology helps understand why certain groups like adolescents and young adults have high suicide potential and tendency of having suicidal behavior. Sociology, on the other hand, assists in the understanding of several sociological factors of committing and attempting suicide. Psychological pains are commonly caused by sociological factors such as exposure to suicide or suicide attempts, relationships, and interactions among the member of the society and may increase the potential of having suicidal behaviors. In view of that, psychology and sociology are interrelated disciplines when it comes to determining the causes of suicide. Sociology encompasses several issues such as culture, media, peer, family, demographics, ethnicity, and socioeconomics that may influence the behavior and thinking of adolescents and young adults. Investigation of the religion perspective discipline shows how moral values, religious beliefs and practices influence the behavior and thinking of most people including the young adults. In the United States alone where ninety-five percent of Americans believe in God, more than fifty percent of them pray daily, forty percent attend church weekly, and almost seventy-five percent of Americans say their approach to life is grounded on their religious faith (Matthews et al, 1998, p. 118). Religion is considered as a significant part of people’s way of living, resulting to various beliefs about issues. It is perceived that the more a person is religiously committed, more likely he or she is to avoid suicide for suicide is considered to be a mortal sin for most religions. To accomplish the objective of the study, various secondary sources such as peer-reviewed journals, earlier research studies and books pertaining to the disciplines involved are reviewed and serve as the basis for any claim this paper will make. These sources also include interdisciplinary research studies that have already simultaneously discussed suicide in the disciplinary perspective of psychology, religion or sociology. The behavior of adolescents can be studied through the discipline of psychology. Adolescence is considered as a crucial stage because it is the time a person experiences a lot of changes and challenges including: biological and sexual maturation, development of personal identity, development of intimate relationships with an appropriate peer, and establishment of independence and autonomy in the context of the socio-cultural environment (Christie Viner, 2005, p. 301). It is also the stage when abstract thinking, law of morality, and ideology are developed (p. 301), thus adolescents have the tendency to reject or accept ideas, react, and resist to situations during this stage. Adolescents, since they are searching for identity, are easily influenced. According to Resnick et al (1997, p. 823) â€Å"adolescent well-being is largely the product of interactions among multiple contexts in which adolescents are embedded†. Media exposure, peers and family are all included in these multiple contexts that have psychological effects on adolescents. They are also easily influenced because of their idealism that has made adolescents vulnerable to sad and disappointing situations that may result in depression and consequently, suicide. According to Bennet (1994), adolescents and young adults with history of depression, a previous suicide attempt, a family history of psychiatric disorders, family disruption, and certain chronic or debilitating physical disorders or psychiatric illness are at higher risk of committing or attempting suicide. Among these factors, depression was found out to be the most common clinical syndrome of suicidal behavior (Petrie Chamberlain, 1983) and approximately 66 percent of those who attempted suicide have depressive symptoms (Rich et al, 1990). There are also life stressors that some young adults cannot handle yet like parental separation, parental alcoholism, parental abuse and related family problems, death of a loved one or close friend, and personal injury or physical illness (Finch Poznanski, 1971; Marcus, 1996; Pfeffer, 1986). For those who have the potential to have suicidal attempts or commit suicide, the most common reactions to these stressors are revenge, anger, hurting one’s self, smoking, drug use, alcohol abuse and suicide (Hepfler, 1998). Sociology is essentially about the society and the interactions of its members. Adolescents are part of the society and the interactions occurring in it. One of these interactions is friendship. Friends and peers are parts of the social network and is one of the central contexts for adolescents (Bearman Moody, 2004, p. 89). Adolescents who are still at the stage of finding their identity needed strong association and belonging and that isolation from peers leads to lower estimations of self-worth and self confidence (Tani et al, 2001). Media, on the other hand, is a strong influence on adolescents and young adults. Young people are very much exposed to popular media such as television, radio, movies, Internet, and reading materials. Rustad et al (2003, p. 121) found out that viewing films, listening to music, and other forms of media usage can have negative psychological impact on adolescents including: emotional arousal; activation of aggressive thoughts, emotions, expectations, and memories; weakening inhibitions against aggressive behavior; desensitizing reactions to violence; reducing empathy toward victims; and providing model of specific techniques. Curran (1987, p. 108) and Patros (1988, p.43) find that television, movies, books and some reading materials often portray suicide as a positive act, resulting to adolescents showing more acceptance to death including their own death. Some of the ways in which media have portrayed suicide to adolescents include: â€Å"a peaceful sleep that will make everything better; a means of punishing someone; a way of forcing someone to express their love for them; a way of being reunited with a deceased other; a way of expressing great love; and an escape from feelings of helplessness and hopelessness† (Bondora Goodwin, 2005, p. 9). Demographics were also found out to have significance on young people’s tendency of having suicidal thoughts or committing suicides. Gay youths, for instance, are more likely to commit suicide; the stigma, verbal and physical abuse they experienced leads to lower self-esteem, making them a high-risk population (Romero, 1999, p. 117). The same study was conducted by Russell and Joyner (2001) who found out that sexual minority youth are more likely to have suicide ideation and attempt, reflecting that sexual orientation can be a cause or a determinant of the causes of suicide among young people. In a study conducted by Molina Duarte (2006), it was found out that female adolescents are more likely to attempt suicide compared to their male counterparts. On the same study, ethnic minorities like American Indians or Alaskan Native adolescents are more probable to attempting suicide. Such study strongly suggests that demographic characteristics such as race and sex are determinants of risk factors. Religion is by far the discipline that has been the topic of many research studies about suicide. There are few literatures suggesting the relationship between religion and suicide like that of Kendler et al (2003) which concluded that some dimensions of religiosity are related to reduced risk of particular psychiatric disorders. In relation to suicide, this study suggests that religious beliefs can affect the thinking of people, reducing suicide ideation. The study conducted by Malone et al (2000) also suggests that religion can provide ‘reasons for living’, allowing people experiencing depressive episodes to be more optimistic about life, reducing the feeling of hopelessness and thus reducing the risk of committing suicide. This study is supported by the study conducted by Dervic et al (2004) which suggests that religious affiliation is associated with less suicidal behavior in depressed patients and that religiously affiliated subjects may function as protective factors against suicide attempts (p. 2303). Moreover, religious commitment was reported to promote social and family ties and reduces alienation, a social network provided by religion provide emotional support, nurturance and a sense of belonging (Koenig et al, 2001; Walls Zaritt, 1991). Religiosity is also associated with behaviors such as lower hostility, less anger, and less aggressiveness, behaviors opposite to suicidal behavior reflecting that religious people are less likely to commit suicide (Storch Storch, 2002). The purpose of this research then is to identify the causes of suicide and suicidal attempts among the adolescents by describing suicidal behaviors and the underlying causes behind such behaviors which are commonly due to stressors and sociological factors. Religious affiliations and commitment also serve as determinants on the possibility of committing suicide. Religious and moral beliefs commonly shape the behavior of a person, thus less commitment or more commitment and affiliation to religion may also be a cause of suicidal behavior. That is, it is expected to determine, through this study, if the people who are more committed with their respective religion are less likely to commit or attempt suicide.

The Inventory Management System

The Inventory Management System When a business stocks materials and goods they sell, they are procedures that are put in place to handle how goods are received, stored and delivered, with this process been known as inventory management. Inventory is a physical resource that a business holds in their stock with the intention of selling it or transforming it into a more valuable state. The inventory could range from raw materials, finished goods, works in process or maintenance, repair and operation (MRO). The main concept of inventory control is focusing on the process of movements and accountability of inventory. This concept strictly bases on the principle of physical and cycle counting, physical and systematic movement of materials and, good accounting practices. In business management, inventory consists of a list of goods and materials held available in stock. Inventory management is the process of specifying the placement and size of the stocked goods within a business whereby the inventory is to be managed at different locations or levels within a facility or within multiple different locations of a supply network to safe guard production against overstocking or running out of goods. Inventory management could as be defined as managing inventory with the primary objective been determining and controlling stock levels within the facility to balance the need for product availability against the need for minimizing stock holding and handling costs. 2.3 Management System A management system is an information system that is used by a business to ensure they can manage and fulfill their tasks through a framework of procedures and processes. Typical management systems are used to maintain data within an organization as well as ensuring data is shared accurately, or for the management of services or products offered. A management system could also be defined as the integration of traditional management methods with a computer system to create a tool for strategic and automated information management. 2.4 Inventory Management System An inventory management system is usually used to automate a sales order fulfilment process. These types of system are designed containing a structure whereby it contains lists of orders to be fulfilled then prompts the sales employees to select the desired items and mark them packaging and shipping information. Modern inventory management system serve the purpose of keeping tracks of inventory objects whereby the system relies on barcodes or RFID tags to uniquely identify the object. When recording a transaction, the system automatically identifies the inventory object by scanning the barcode or RFID tag, and then additional transaction information is collected from the operator via work terminal which could be a workstation or mobile computer. The features of an inventory management system such as physical inventory counting and cycle counting can enhance an organization. With the availability of various kinds of inventory systems, in the current environment the size of a business is not a concern because there are various kinds of systems to suit any business. Figure 1: Basic Structure of an Inventory Management System 2.5 Management System Classification 2.5.1 Network Inventory Management System Real time inventory management system: use wireless, mobile terminals to record inventory transactions, the moment the transaction is processed. Transaction information is transmitted via wireless LAN to a central database. 2.5.2 Stand Alone Inventory Management System Stand alone inventory systems are usually employed by small size or medium sized businesses. These kind of systems work offline and are not connected to other systems. Stand alone systems are usually used to store Customer data and inventory, usually all stored on one local database. For example for small businesses like convenience stores and shoe stores, it could be an expensive business option to purchase and use an expensive electronic inventory management system hence a standalone application could be the nearest option to the manual system since it automates the basic functions of inventory management. It would not make sense a small business located in one location implementing a web based or network based inventory system when they only sale inventory locally. These kinds of systems are not suitable for large sized business in manufacturing or production with a study in 1996 by the International Mass Retail Association (IMRA), for example, concluding that stand alone manageme nt system packages acquired to perform individual functions will soon become obsolete because they do not integrate well with other systems. 2.5.3 Web Based Inventory Management System Web based systems are web applications that can be accessed from any computer with a web browser but without any physical application installed on the local computer. In inventory management systems, a web based application can be a smart move for businesses because it offers the benefits of secure storage, sharing files and accessibility which make managing your data with other hosted applications a smart strategy. A web application is an application delivered to users from a web server over a network such as the internet or an intranet. A reason for the popularity of web based applications is due to the functionality of the web browser as a client, sometimes called a thin client. When choosing inventory management applications, the ability of a web based application to update and maintain web applications without distributing and installing software on potentially a numerous number of clients is another reason why these kinds of system are becoming much favored by users. A key strategy that is been capitalized on by software companies is to provide web access to applications that are been distributed as local applications whereby these programs allow the user to pay a monthly or yearly fee for use of the application without having to install it on a local hard drive. Software companies that are following this strategy are known as an application service provider (ASP), and ASPs are currently receiving much attention in the software industry. The main concepts behind web based application is to centralize information hence by using databases to store data like consumer information, salespeople can update a clients address and the update will instantaneously be available to all users throughout the organization. Too many small and medium-sized businesses suffer from de-centralized information because they implement stand alone applications which are not a logical way of centralizing information. 2.6 Current Based Inventory Management System 2.6.1 Silver Inventory System Silver Inventory System is very popular software throughout the world, particularly with small to medium sized businesses requiring a mid-range, inexpensive standalone inventory software with a good range of features. Silver Inventory System is a complete inexpensive system for management of sales, purchases and payments. This system will help you in creation invoices, sale orders, purchase orders, receiving lists, payment receipts, product labels with bar codes and any kinds of the reports for monitoring your business. Inventory System allows the control of customer balances and vendor balances. Figure 2: Screenshot of Silver Inventory Management System 2.6.2 Golden Inventory System Golden Inventory system is integrated with QuickBooks and is able to track Purchases, Sales, Work Orders and payments. This is a complete inventory management system that performs the functions of Purchases, Sales and payments. The system guides you through the creation of vendors list, purchase orders, products list, receiving lists, sales orders, invoices, sales and payment receipts. In addition to product labels with barcodes, work orders for creation inventory assemblies, transfer orders between locations, customers and vendors balances and various types of reports for monitoring your business, it also supports XML synchronization with remote locations. Golden Inventory system works with MS SQL Server 2000, MSDE and desktop database files. Golden Inventory system works as a single application or as a client server system and as a distribution database system. You will be able to work with remote outlets and warehouses even without a reliable connection between them. The system us es unique data exchange technology in XML format that allows quickly processing orders and synchronizing information with all your branches. Figure 3: Screenshot of Golden Inventory System Features Golden Inventory Silver Inventory User interface Easy to understand interface that can be used without need for training. Application offers a simple to use interface, that could be used to perform tasks without the need of training Warehouse support Application can be integrated to support multiple warehouses for one company Support for warehouse is only limited to one warehouse for one company Point of Sale System has a point of sale panel where a sales transaction can be performed in real time Does not provide functionality for Point of Sales Security Users access functions can be limited depending on access level or role Secure security prevents unauthorized access from outsiders. Integration Supports a multi user environment Supports a multi user environment Inbound logistics Systems allow ordering for manufacturing operations. It also supports payments for ordered products and purchase orders at the same time reserving inventory for sales orders This system allows conducting payments for obtained products and for ordered products in the purchase orders. It supports the partial payments and payment under several orders or receiving lists. The payments arriving from sold products are similarly ensured. Other features Inventory reservations for Sale orders Work orders for manufacture operations Screen customization support Export reports in Excel files Compare and Comparison of Golden Inventory system and Silver Inventory System When comparing the inventory systems there certain features that feature in both systems and there some features that are absent in the other system. One of the key differences between the two systems is that Golden Inventory system supports multiple warehouses for a company meaning the system could be integrated between all warehouses as one system whereas the downside to Silver inventory is that it can only be integrated to one warehouse. A similarity between the two is that both can support multiple companies. In terms of size and functionality, Golden Inventory system is much superior to Silver Inventory system. Both systems offer the basic concepts of inventory management systems that is, invoicing, sales orders which is fulfilled by business, purchasing which would be the inbound inventory, barcode scanning whereby the inventory object is automatically identified before it is processed. Depending on the size of the business, Golden Inventory system is most suited for a large size business that could be in the field of manufacturing, stock supply or production and Silver Inventory is best suited for small to medium sized business because of the limited functionalities. Some of the key features that make Golden Inventory superior to Silver Inventory system are that Golden Inventory system can offer a Point of Sale Option whereby a transaction could be processed at a terminal and the inventory status is updated in real time. Golden inventory system can support reports from Microsoft Excel which means it can be integrated with other systems that could be run by a business. The Golden Inventory System has a feature to manage work orders for manufactures and the screen and work permissions by user meaning the added security whereby the access granted to each user can be defined exactly depending on their level of authority minimizing unauthorized access to functions and data not related to that user. REFERRENCES http://www.executivpro.com/#silver Silver Inventory System Software Informer: Screenshots http://www.softsea.com/review/Golden-Inventory-System.html http://www.softsea.com/review/Hunter-Perrin%27s-Inventory-Manager-and-Storefront.html http://www.sharewareconnection.com/golden-inventory-system.htm http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6647380/claims.html http://www.daniweb.com/forums/thread50946.html# http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4153/is_6_57/ai_69759746/ http://www.ehow.com/how_4421818_set-up-inventory-control-system.html http://www.barcodesinc.com/articles/inventory-control-system.htm http://www.retailsystems.com/retail-inventory-management-system.cfm http://www.womensenterprise.ca/resources/downloads/inventory-wholesale-retail.pdf http://www.seminarinformation.com/qqbpml/conference-for-warehousing-and-inventory-control http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouse_management_system http://www.thefreedictionary.com/inventory+control http://www.management-hub.com/benefits-of-using-an-inventory-management-system.html http://www.management-hub.com/is-it-wise-to-go-for-web-based-inventory-management-solution.html http://www.management-hub.com/use-of-network-inventory-management-software.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_management_software http://www.ricelake.com/docs/prodinfo/white-papers/wp_IMS.pdf http://www.emco.is/products/network-inventory/advantages.php http://www.askdeb.com/inventory-management/hosted/

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning and Cardiovascular Disease

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning and Cardiovascular Disease Mohammad Faisal Association of moderate to severe Carbon Monoxide (CO) poisoning and Cardiovascular disease Introduction Carbon monoxide (CO) is colorless and odorless gas which can be very fatal and has important clinical values mainly due to the toxicological affects it can create. A broad range of studies suggest that acute CO poisoning may cause sudden deaths and other deadly clinical manifestations such as toxicity of central nervous system, comma etc. In USA 50,000 cases of CO poisoning along with 2700 deaths are reported each year (Lee, F. et al., 2015). However, the relationship between moderate to severe CO poisoning and developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has not been studied properly even though CVD is assumed to be a frequent outcome of CO poisoning (Henry, C. R. 2006). Since general people might easily be exposed to CO through incorrectly installed, poorly ventilated or poorly maintained household appliances, it is not uncommon to be exposed to various level of CO poisoning as well. Therefore, in this literature review I have explored the correlation between moderate to severe CO poi soning and cardiovascular risk in the general population ranging from children to adults. Usually carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations are measured in order to determine the extent of poisoning (moderate to severe) caused by CO. The articles regarding acute CO poisoning are not considered in this review since it usually causes sudden death and reports regarding acute CO poisoning and long term manifestation of CVD is not clear and very limited. In this review, in total 7 articles were used; five of the studies were published during the last 7 years, whereas 2 of them were published in 2006. Relationship of CO poisoning to Myocardial injury and Peripheral artery disease Moderate to severe CO poisoning was studied in a prospective cohort study from 1994 to 2002 in Hennepin County Medical Center. The study was followed up till 2005 and the investigators found that myocardial injury (MI) was a frequent clinical manifestation in the moderate to severe CO exposed group. The two markers of MI: cardiac troponin I or creatine kinase-MB levels were measured and found to be higher among the exposed group than usual. Investigators determined that the hazard ratio (HR) of patients who eventually died from MI and who died from other consequences other than MI was 2.1 (95% CI: 1.2-3.7) (Henry, C. R. 2006). In another retrospective study in Taiwan, investigators examined a large cohort of patients who were subjected to CO poisoning and compared them with a frequency matched control cohort at a ratio of 1:4. The study was done from 1998 to 2010 and the investigators used Cox proportional hazards regression models for their analytical approach. Outcome was measured using angiography, magnetic resonance angiography and it was found that the patients exposed to moderate to severe CO poisoning had 1.85-fold higher chances of developing peripheral artery disease (PAD) compared to the control group. However the risk was much higher between the two groups when some comorbidities such as hyperlipidemia and diabetes were ignored, which eventually supported the CO poisoning and peripheral artery disease (PAD) more strongly (Chen, Y. et al., 2015). Risk of Developing Cardiovascular disease Since moderate to severe CO poisoning is related to myocardial injury, a large retrospective cohort, somewhat similar to the previous one mentioned above was done considering the CO poisoning and hospitalization data from 2000 to 2011. Investigators found a significant association between CO poisoning and arrhythmia among the CO poisoned patients (1.83 fold higher) compared to the control cohort. Also a significant correlation was seemed to exist with Coronary artery disease (CAD) and Coronary heart disease (CHD), but the correlation was not statistically significant after adjusting for confounders (Lee, F. et al., 2015). This study was particularly important considering the fact that most of the previous studies, regarding this association were done in small scale. For example, a case report between CO poisoning and subsequent development of cardiomyopathy was reported in a restaurant worker who was diagnosed with very high levels of cardiac enzymes along with high carboxyhemoglobin , even though he was ruled out of acute ischemic heart disease according to diagnosis reports (Kim, H et al., 2015). This type of study indicates an association of CO poisoning with cardiovascular disease but as mentioned before it wasnt enough to be convincing and required large sample based investigation rather than any individual case report to establish the association. For this reason, the two cohorts, done from 1998 to 2010 and 2000 to 2011 were particularly important in this regard. In Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC), 230 patients who were diagnosed with moderate to severe CO poisoning were examined, and investigators reported frequent cardiovascular and myocardial injury (MI). Among those patients 35% had elevated levels of creatine kinase or troponin I (cardiovascular biomarkers) along with 37% MI injury biomarkers. Even most of the patients who died during hospitalization, were diagnosed with cardiac arrest, Coronary artery disease (CAD) along with abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) (Satran, D et al., 2006). However, some case reports indicated a difficulty of diagnosis between severe CO poisoning and myocardial injury due to a large spectrum of confusing symptoms of CO poisoning. CO poisoning is often involved with tissue hypoxia which might indicate neurological manifestations other than cardiovascular manifestations and make the diagnosis procedure somewhat complex (Grieb, G. et al., 2011).ÂÂ   Most of the reported studies regarding CO poisoning a nd cardiovascular manifestations were conducted with adult participants. However, a particular study indicated that CO poisoning may have more harmful effects to infants and children than the adults due the fact that, the basal metabolic rate along with the tissue oxygen demand is much higher in children. This study was conducted between 2004 to 2007 and reported an association between CO poisoning and cardiovascular manifestations, according to the diagnosis reports of elevated cardiovascular biomarkers among children under 17 years of age, but surprisingly the electrocardiogram (ECG) reports were normal (Teksam, O. et al., 2010). Limitations There are some limitations in the studies regarding moderate to severe CO poisoning and cardiovascular manifestations. Even though, in some studies- an association to CVD was shown, information regarding participants use of medication, or any previous treatment for CVD was not available which might have been influential. Moreover, some of the the risk factors such as smoking, dietary pattern, obesity etc. were missing (Chen, Y. et al., 2015). Some studies were retrospective which may not establish a causal relationship between the exposure and outcome. Investigators also suspected miscoding and misclassification in some cases of disease definition. Some other factors such as family history of CVD, educational background, socioeconomic status were also missing. Another important limitation was lack of sufficient laboratory data including electrocardiogram (ECG), and other cardiovascular markers which were considered to be vital for CVD manifestation as well. In some study, investigato rs were uncertain whether the patients developed cardiovascular disease before they were exposed to CO poisoning. Patients who were diagnosed at later stages of any study were subjected to loss to follow-up for long term analysis of CVD morbidity (Lee, F. et al., 2015). Finally, the epidemiological and geographical differences may not be generalized to USA and other countries. Conclusion Moderate to severe carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is responsible for tissue hypoxia, which may ultimately lead to myocardial injury. Other than hypoxia, CO poisoning may also cause free radical formation, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide (NO) induced cellular apoptosis-which all may be responsible for developing cardiovascular disease in long term. A prospective cohort study including the measurement of all these biomarkers for a reasonably long time would elucidate more clear association with CVD. It has been evident from some studies that diagnosis of CO poisoning is complex and risky to draw any conclusion for any association. So, other than depending on hospital based data, some other animal models like mouse can be used in this purpose at times. Also, some studies showed some different clinical patterns of CO poisoning and CVD. In one study, a group of participants showed the presence of less cardiac risk factors even though they were subjected to severe CO poisoning. On the other hand, some other participants showed the presence of higher cardiac risk factors while they were subjected to moderate CO poisoning. Age and heart dysfunctions of some specific location e.g. left ventricular function were found to be coherent with the observed risk factors (Satran, D et al., 2006). In this regard these data need to be considered, even though many retrospective studies lacked these data. So, it can be said that future studies will definitely require the evaluation of serial biomarkers along with electrocardiogram (ECG) of all participants, who are exposed to moderate to severe CO poisoning. This will definitely help the therapeutic approach along with developing proper strategies to prevent any cardiovascular disease associated with moderate to severe CO poisoning. References Chen, Y., Lin, T., Dai, M., Lin, C., Hung, Y., Huang, W., Kao, C. (2015, 10). Risk of Peripheral Artery Disease in Patients With Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Medicine, 94(40). doi:10.1097/md.0000000000001608 Grieb, G., Simons, D., Piatkowski, A., Altiok, E., Eppstein, R. J., Bernhagen, J., Pallua, N. (2011, 06). Carbon monoxide intoxication versus myocardial infarction: An easy diagnosis? Burns, 37(4). doi:10.1016/j.burns.2011.01.002 Henry, C. R. (2006, 01). Myocardial Injury and Long-term Mortality Following Moderate to Severe Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Jama, 295(4), 398. doi:10.1001/jama.295.4.398 Kim, H., Chung, Y. K., Kwak, K. M., Ahn, S., Kim, Y., Ju, Y., Kim, E. (2015, 04). Carbon monoxide poisoning-induced cardiomyopathy from charcoal at a barbecue restaurant: A case report. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 27(1). doi:10.1186/s40557-015-0063-2 Lee, F., Chen, W., Lin, C., Kao, C. (2015, 03). Carbon Monoxide Poisoning and Subsequent Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Medicine, 94(10). doi:10.1097/md.0000000000000624 Satran, D., Henry, C., Adkinson, C. (2006, 03). Cardiovascular Manifestations of Moderate to Severe Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 47(3), 298. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.01.009 Teksam, O., Gumus, P., Bayrakci, B., Erdogan, I., Kale, G. (2010, 08). Acute cardiac effects of carbon monoxide poisoning in children. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 17(4), 192-196. doi:10.1097/mej.0b013e328320ad48

Anorexia Nervosa: An issue of control Essay -- Eating Disorders Health

Anorexia Nervosa: An issue of control As medicine has progressed through the years, so have the avenues for diagnosing the various causes of many disorders. Recently there have been new discoveries about the disorder anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is a life-threatening eating disorder defined by a refusal to maintain body weight within 15 percent of an individual's minimal normal weight. (2) Other essential features of this disorder include an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and amenorrhea (absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles when otherwise expected to occur) in women. (1) Theories about the causes of anorexia nervosa include the psychological, biological, and environmental. This paper will discuss the question of the multiple origins of anorexia nervosa, and attempt to identify a common underlying cause. Conservative estimates suggest that one-half to one percent of females in the U.S. develop anorexia. Because more than 90 percent of all those who are affected are adolescent and young women, the disorder can be characterized primarily as a women's illness. It should be noted, however, that children as young as 7 have been diagnosed, and women 50, 60, 70, and even 80 fit the diagnosis. (5) Like all eating disorders, it tends to occur in pre or post puberty, but can develop at any life change. One reason younger women are particularly vulnerable to eating disorders is their tendency to go on strict diets to achieve an "ideal" figure. This obsessive dieting behavior reflects a great deal of today's societal pressure to be thin, which is seen in advertising and the media. Others especially at risk for eating disorders include athletes, actors, and models for whom thinne... ...he links between mental illness and depression. It addresses a very wide variety of issues. http://my.webmd.com/content/article/9/1663_51209.htm? 7)Genetics and Eating Disorders, this site looks at the link between genetics and eating disorders. It also looks at the different medical studies that have been conducted on the topic. http://my.webmd.com/webmd_today/home/404?ourl=404;http://my.webmd.com/content/article/2/3204_673.htm?&referer=http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro03/web2/arutigliano.html 8)On the Teen Scene, this site looks at the effect of anorexia nervosa on teenagers. It looks at questions as to why it affect that one age group so hard, and its ramifications. http://my.webmd.com/webmd_today/home/404?ourl=404;http://my.webmd.com/content/article/5/1680_50412.htm?&referer=http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro03/web2/arutigliano.html

Little Women :: Essays Papers

Little Women Summary of Part One Little Women tells the story of the four March sisters, Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy as they grow from childhood to adulthood. The story is set during the Civil War times. The March girls are struggling because their father is away at war and funds are limited. Jo and Meg have to work outside from home, not only because their father is away at war but also, because he lost all of his money trying to help a friend in need. Jo works for her bitter Aunt March. Meg spends her days teaching small children as a governess. When Jo and Meg attend a New Year’s party, they meet their neighbor Theodore Laurence or Laurie, as he prefers to be called. He is the grandson of their rich neighbor Mr. Laurence. Jo and Laurie established the beginning of a wonderful friendship. All the girls start visiting the Laurence home with the exception of Beth. Beth being the shy one from the sisters and afraid of Mr. Laurence decides to stay home instead. Mr. Laurence finds out that Beth is a wonderful piano player. He talks in private to Mrs. March, she helps him convince her to attend his house and play the piano in private. Beth makes Mr. Laurence some slippers, to show him her gratitude. Mr. Laurence touched by her sincerity gives her the piano that once belonged to his sickened and departed granddaughter. From that point her and Mr. Laurence develop a special bond. Meanwhile Amy is terribly in debt with her classmates. It seems that for Amy and her classmates is a pastime to trade pickled limes. Meg gives Amy money to buy limes. She purchases 24 and proudly announces it to her classmates. When she refuses to share her limes with a classmate she gets in trouble with her teacher. He then smacks her with a ruler. When Mrs. March finds out she then decides that is better for Amy to be taught at home. Meg is invited to a fortnight at the Moffats. She attends a party in which she is ridiculed. Laurie also attends the party and is disappointed by her behavior. At the party she also becomes aware of some gossip that is going around of her and her family. She tells her mother and her mother tells her to focus on being herself and to never mind the gossip.

Coca-Cola Marketing Strategy

1)Discuss the attitudes and related beliefs toward coca-cola of intensely brand- loyal consumers (perhaps like those who were upset by the new coke in 1985). How might their attitudes and beliefs differ from those of less involved, less loyal consumers? What marketing implications would these differences have? 2)Do you think it’s possible for consumers to be loyal to more than one brand of soft drink? What about more than one brand of cola? Discuss the pros and cons of having several brands in a product category (as do coca-cola and Pepsi in the cola category). Compare the strategy of line extension to that of creating completely distinct brands for these products. What factors should marketers consider in making this important decision? 3)Many marketers made a distinction between customers and consumers. For instance, coca-cola sells cola syrup directly to its customers, the operators of bottling plants. The bottlers sell bottled coke products to retailers, vending machine operators, restaurants, airlines, and so forth. Those organizations, in turn, sell coca-cola products to individual consumers who drink it. Discuss how the salient beliefs about coke products might differ for customers and consumers. How might their attitudes toward coke differ? Who should coca-cola pay more attention to its customers or the consumer? Why? 4)Discuss coca-cola’s various strategies for managing brand equity of its many products. For instance, what are the pros and cons of borrowing versus creating brand equity? Analyze coke’s attempt to revive brand equity by reintroducing the contour bottle around the world. 5)What is your opinion about the effects on consumer attitudes and intentions of coca-cola’s proliferation of choice alternatives? Why do you think so?

ICT †The Way I do Things at Home and at School Essay

I intention ICT a banding at blank space and at school and in this say I leave alone show how, where, when and why I put on these appliances.At dwelling thither atomic number 18 many a(prenominal) appliances which routine ICT, for example Microwaves, Mobile Phones etc. and there be similarly around appliances which I alike character at school for example PCs. And I will also show how I enforce these things in different ship kindleal.I use my mobile phone a attracter at home, it is fair one of the someer ways I keep in touch with people who I beginnert often see and proceed quite a way away. in that location be only two ways people flowerpot inter-group communication me on my mobile phoneThe phone I own is a Samsung A300e which also has WAP. WAP is radio set Application Protocol which is a hackneyed way to connect to the internet apply wireless devices it also completelyows you to access info cave inle text and images. I feces use my mobile phone anywhere in the home except where I understructuret get a signal the only place in the home is usually the basement. With different net meshs you can different signals for example I am on Virgin which does not produce many satellites in space and whence does not produce as much coverage as Vodafone who have many more satellites and can cover a liberalr amount of land. The good things rough having a mobile phone is that if there is no other way to cutaneous senses friends in an emergency then it is precise easy to contact them utilize a mobile, although there are some complicatesides to having a mobile phone and there are that people whitethorn contact you and you may not want them to, or you could be somewhere important standardised a meeting and someone could contact you every(prenominal) by ringing you or direct a SMS,I use digital television quite often and it is contagious through a satellite watcher which is placed on the side of the mansion and transmits in si gnals which allow more carry to be viewed than normal, the channels range from hundred and one to 999 but obviously there are not channels on every number some channels are skipped e.g. 666 there is just a meaning that says channel unavailable. With digital TV you can shop and even dramatic act upon games. at that place is also kettle of fishs of information that can be found out standardized, motion picture listings or even the latest stay shows. There is always a TV guide available sorted into sections like, comedy, harmony or sport which is easier if you are smell for something in particular.I use a microwave at home to warmness food or defrost something frozen. I use it to heat things because it is a lot more efficient than the stove. It also knocks down the time of defrosting because I can just set it to defrost and put it on for several minutes rather than difference it out over night.I play a lot of the time on computing device consoles because it is a form of sport for me. I play many games like football manager games and platform games much(prenominal) as CROC which are more like adventure games. I have a playstation 2 which can also play playstation 1 games and use the same joypads. I have many other games like Mind hunters which take hours to complete and when I usually finish them I have usually being playing for about 100 hours all together. I also use an X-BOX which is one of the best consoles of all time in my opinion, although it is slightly high-ticket(prenominal) therefore I have few games, the pads can range from small to large which I think are a bit big for my liking.I use a PC a lot at school because I do Applied ICT and I also use them to type up course work in many of my lessons e.g. English. I also use them for entertainment I go on the internet quite a lot, after I finished my work. I use sites like, mousebreaker.com and uwizone.com which is my email. When Im on email I come into contact with people from all around th e cosmea like India and the USA. This is an advantage because if there were no PCs I would be required to do all work by hand and probably wouldnt be doing ICT GCSE. When using the computer I have to stick by several laws like the computer misuse act and the copyright act. The software system I use isWord- to word fermentExcel- to spend a penny spreadsheetsAccess- to create databasesPower Point- to create presentations

Nec Electronics Corporation (Nece) Case Study Essay

INTRODUCTIONIn earliest July 2007, the New York ground hedge gunstock Perry with child(p) proposed to raise its stake in necrotizing enterocolitis Electronics muckle (necrotizing enterocolitisE), the then publicly heeled subsidiary of Nipponese conglome account, necrotizing enterocolitis Corporation, from 4.8 part to 25 portion. The offering was 5,000 a sh atomic number 18, at about 60 percent premium. Perrys investing in NECE traced back to late 2005, the course of instruction its get-go exposure to Asian marts, with the initial investment live at around 3,200 a mete out. Perry believed the intrinsic grade of NECE was to release afterward restructuring its occupancy outline, albeit NECE was expected a discharge in FY2005. This paper studies the investment of Perry neat in NECE, and particularly looks at Perrys circumstance to affix its stake in NECE to 25% at that time.INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN JAPANAs shown in queer 1, the long-lasting deflationary japane se economy since 1997 probably comes to an end with its CPI rebounded from prejudicious in 2006. At the same time, cashbox of lacquer has loosed its pecuniary policy by raising the sake swan above zero since 2006. These 2 data star sign that japanese economy is pending an exit from the missed decade. Looking at the Nikkei 225 index shown in Exhibit 2, the bullish trend since 2003 shows the investors ar optimistic towards companies futurity earnings. The improving market opinion stems from the amelioration of Japanese economy, with its GDP growth set out has become oerbearing since 2000, as shown in Exhibit 3. Moreover, Japans export industries have been playing well collect to its weak currency. Perrys investment in NECE mass be a sensible move as Japan is one of the leading countries in producing mod technological products. In 2007, Japanese steep-tech products posit a significant market parting in the world.These industries include automobile, IT, communicat ion theory, mechanism and robot, new materials, etc. In addition, Japanese firms totallyocate significant amount of resources in their product R&D neighborhood, the efforts paid in improving product quality and promoting innovation put up Japanese firms competitive strength overtime. Essentially, Perrys investment philosophy is looking at the natural of the club, structure skinny descent with the forethought, investing in good corporation, and possibly keeping its portfolio beta at a con expressionrably menial level. As Perrys portfolio has been performing well since its inception, the venture into Japanese market is amen fit with its investment st regulategy, where stocks in Japanese market educate reliable streams of cash flow, and more than centrally, on that point are valuable cheap stocks to pick in Japanese market, these characteristics are aligned to Perrys taste.CHALLENGES TO INVEST IN JAPANThe for the low time time venture suggests Perry is smart to the Japanese market. As the probability of success of Perrys investment in NECE highly depends on the arrogance do to restructure NECEs business part, Perry must(prenominal) convince the produce company NEC to share its quite a little. part puzzle would be a say-soity challenge for Perry to maintain a good relationship with NEC. As the subsidiary impart become a sepa rank entity from its refer company upon listing, it is questionable whether the elevate company will longer treat the two different entities equivalently. For instance, will the parent company breaking the loss-making categorys to its subsidiary, which then can help the parent company to get rid of loss at the expense of its subsidiarys financial report?Furthermore, Japans system of corporate governance is tell lacks of effective protection to minority shareholders. Controlling shareholders in Japan are not required to upgrade that their dealings with the company are fair, and self-dealing is not formall y defined by police. Furthermore, in Japanese molding of stakeholder capitalism, management could be entrusted to safeguard the avocation of a arise over of key shareholders, rather than focusing more narrowly on maximizing indemnitys to shareholders, which tycoon split minority shareholders actor in deciding an important issue.FUNDAMENTAL VALUE OF NEC ELETRONICS CORPORATIONPerry aggroup made a a few(prenominal) pre full terms to evaluate NECE in early 2006. Since the exact date of evaluation is not clearly stated in the case, we will first evaluate NECE at 2007 based on the assumptions made and then apply the same methodology to separate years. Team Perry apply an approach that employed EBITDA multiples for separately instalment MCU, CCD and Communications. We use the information from render 7 and exhibit 8 to infer the fundamental re pry from 2004 to 2007 and hereafter. We then require inference on jimmy of NECE based on 03/2006 and 03/2007 values. Note that i nformation from exhibit 6 and 8 are from 2007. unfathomed revalue of NECE at 03/2007Assumptions apply in valuing MCU divisionI. MCU is able to match the average out EBIT margins of alike(p) firms, which is 17.70%. II. 15% of the 83 one thousand million disparagement comprise is attributed to MCU for the next few years. III. A fusty approach of 9 clock EBITDA multiples is used.Assumptions used in valuing CCD divisionI. EBIT margins of the remaining business are 5%. II. 45% of the 83 billion depreciation woo is attributed to MCU for the next few years. III. 7 times of the EBITDA multiples is used.Assumptions used in valuing communication theory divisionI. EBIT margins could be negative. II. To avoid loss, exiting this line is an agreeable option. III. Estimated make up of exit at most 100 billion.The fundamental value of NECE on 03/2007 is the summation of severally divisions fundamental valueNote that the Fundamental value is higher(prenominal) from year 2005 to 2007 except year 2004. EVALUATION ON ASSUMPTIONS USEDThe first assumption expects MCU would be able to match the EBIT margins of similar firms. However, there is a large dispersion in the EBIT margins among the comparable firms. The large difference of EBIT margins between the comparable firms could suggests that the cost differentials are significant among these firms. Indeed, the uneven distribution of EBIT margins among comparable firms could also because of the small number of sample sizing used, which in turn soften the estimation power of this assumption. The blurb assumption is to give the CCD EBIT margins of 5%. However, as the average EBIT margins of the comparable firms is around 16%, with the range between 7.3% to 42.3%, Ercils might probably be too conservative than he should in valuing the CCD segment in NECE.Moreover, Ercil also assumes that he will be able to exit the communication segment at a cost less than 100b which is again a conservative estimation as mentioned in the case. granted the above these assumptions made by Ercil, it come outs that he is a conservative investor who prefers to take conservative valuation in his investment discretion. Though his conservatism might make the estimated NECE fair value become less attractive, his prudent investment strategy could probably in turn safeguard his clients money in any critical event.Below shows around assumptions made by Ercil that are reasonable. First, instead of using 11x EBITDA multiples to value NECEs MCU segment, Ercil used a lower of 9x EBITDA multiples. This assumption is definitely delightful as it is in line with Perry teams prudent investment strategy. In addition, the depreciation cost allocation made by Ercil seems reasonable. Ercil allocated 45% of depreciation cost into the communications segment, as there was a significant amount of capex used to build the pose in Yamagata in the recent past.Based on Ercils assumptions we manage to breakdown NECE balance sheets based on its divisions. This activity illustrates that the EBIT margin estimates are undifferentiated with exhibit 8 and has no mathematical or financial discrepancies in terms of amount allocated to each sectors. EBIT margin for communications segment is indeed negative for year 2007 based on Ercils assumption. We postdate high expense in communications area possibly due to expropriation of NECE by its parent company, NECE that will be discussed below.POTENTIAL AGENCY PROBLEM ON NECEs MARKET VALUEOur case abbreviation assumes that market is efficient, implicating that outsider anticipate potential federal spot problem within NECE. Besides demanding fair transcend on their capital, controlling shareholders should ultimately bear all berth costs they create. This is ordered with the journal Agency Costs, Mispricing and Ownership Structure by Sergey, Fritz and Greenwood (Sergey Chernenko, 2010), whereby the case of NECE is used to illustrate the impact of delegation cost on market valu e. Agency problems in subsidiary-parent relationships could stem from 3 scenarios I. Related party transactions Based on the journal, following NECE listing in 2003, the development of microchips for NECs phone brought in excessively high capital expenditures and research and development expenses to NECE. Following it was the low transfer expenditures to the parent company, NEC. This is due to the weak fiduciaries duties law on company in the hobby of minority shareholders.II. Usurped business opportunities Indirect influence of parent company on their subsidiaries such as continuing a business venture that profits the parent disdain the subsidiaries making losses make it hard to be detected. In particular, NECE incurred excessive R&D cost and capital expenditures to enhance NEC competitive position in the market. III. Minority squeeze outs- Cash-out merger is an workout of minority investors being squeezed out.NEC bought back NEC System Technologies 20 months after listing it, simply showing NECs involvement in this form of related party transaction. Based on the journals samples, Investors who bought the subsidiaries share upon listing swap their shares back to the parent during repurchase at a loss of 39% to 71%. Therefore, in utterly efficient market, minority shareholders unspoiledy anticipate agency problems. If controlling shareholder is expected to divert resources, the market will price the fair-mindedness agreely (lower) than in the scenario where agency problem is absent. One caveat is that, investors might not be fully informed (market is not totally efficient) that in turn creating incentive for agency problems.PROSPECTS OF NECEThe fundamental value of NECE is severely undervalued compared to its market value in 2007 this might be due to the agency problem that persisted between NEC-NECE. We conclude that NECE is a potential lucrative investment if Ercil is able to remove the communications segment and thereby removing the potential age ncy problem in NECE. Nevertheless, the reluctance of NEC to remove the communications segment and the weak protection of minority interest in Japan cast shadow on the prospects on NECE. Worsening the situation, NECE was nearly delisted in 2007, implying that liquidness could have drastically decreased. Note that also the MCU and former(a) Divisions remains relative stable (slight increase) over the undertaking years.Historical Performance of Publicly Listed Subsidiaries of Parents in Japan Our queue upings are consistent with the data condition in Exhibit 4. If market is efficient, the incentives for parent company to list its subsidiaries arise either when the market value of subsidiaries is price upon listing or if the parent companys internal capital is inadequate to fund attractive investment opportunities. In the case NECE, the former scenarios seem to be more plausible as according to the graph above. This could lead to drop in future market deed as market absorbs more in formation.Source http//www.nber.org/papers/w15910According to Fritz (2010), the negative performance of listed subsidiaries over the first 36 months following initial offering can be seen via industry ad just nowed returns of -6.2%,-13.43% and -13.98% over the one-,two- and terzetto year horizons after IPO. This is again consistent with the case of NECE. Both subsidiaries with ex ante backcloth for agency problem (such as sales relationship) and those where parent has retained little equity despite upstanding control over its subsidiaries illustrated poorer performance. On top of that, a great portion of listed subsidiaries were subsequently repurchased by their parent at a discount to the IPO price. The historical performance of publicly listed subsidiaries of parents is consistent with the case of NECE. In this case, NEC hold 20% of NECE total equity but have significant control over NECE operations and sales. This leads to expropriation of minority shareholders and lower mark et price following IPO.A FEASIBLE STRATEGY FOR PERRY team upThere are three options for Perry team to increase its stake in NECE with the expectation that NEC management will eventually share Perrys vision to dispose the communications segment to arrange for executable merger and acquisition for NECE to exit the investment in NECE. To consider the action on the $150 million position in NECE, Ercil is likely to expect the supreme likelihood among these three scenarios. The first option is essentially the proposed increasing stake in NECE by Perry in the case. However, this move requires substantial amount of capital to fund the investment the investment does not necessarily agnize Perrys objective to dispose NECEs communications division as NEC will lifelessness be the largest shareholder in NECE. Since the investment in NECE in 2006, Perry team has been approaching NEC and communicate for NECE business restructuring, the two parties have yet reached a consensus about the issu e.It seems that NEC executives are unlikely to change their position in the future as well. The second option is to create a proxy fight down for practicable takeover or merger of NECE. The biggest obstruction in this strategy is the same as the first strategy the parent company NEC is dimension a controlling amount of 70 percent stake its subsidiary, proxy fight might be too costly to execute. Furthermore, it is generally believed this strategy is far from reality because a hostile acquisition for NECE would importantly destroy the business relationship between the merchant bank firm and the giant conglomerate, NEC. In addition, it is the time where capital of Japan Stock Exchange is placing NECE on a watchlist for possible delisting due to its concentrated ownership structure.For Perry team, unwinding the 5 percent stake (or more if either option 1 or option 2 is adopted) in NECE would convey more difficult after delisting. Perry needs to find a potential buyer for the whole or portion its propertys in NECE. Exit strategy implies to top the loss in this investment. Suppose Perry bought NECE stocks at an average price of 3,200 per share, NECE share price is around 2,900 per share in July 2007, which means Perry will record a loss of about 10 percent in its investment in NECE. As NECE has been recorded loss during Perrys investment period, this small 10 percent loss may in turn choke the immediate exit strategy, so as to besmirch the loss because NECEs business prospects are full of uncertainties.SCREENING GLOBAL ECONOMIC CONDITION to begin with making the final decision among the above three options, Ercil will definitely dig into the current international economic condition. Generally speaking, if the global market sentiment is positive, it may worth for a riskier investment strategy to seek for higher return. On the contrary, higher return investment securities such as equities markets are ordinarily too risky to attract capital inflow. As gover nment bonds are deemed safe haven for investors, bonds show curve can give some signal about the likelihood of future economic condition.Ercil examine the U.S. government bonds have a bun in the oven curves and TED airing at that time. It is notice that the T-bills have begun to deviate downward from T-bonds since Q1/2007 (Exhibit 5). Soon after July 2007, TED spread begins to rise (Exhibit 6). The declining short term T-bills yield suggests the investors become cautious and allocate their money in the bonds market. The increasing TED spread may infer the condition of liquidity shortage in the market, where lenders require higher returns for lending out their money. According to bonds yield equalityForward locate=Expected Discount Rate Tomorrow+Liquidity PremiumAs TED spread implies liquidity premium becomes dearer, the declining T-bills yield is attributed to the expected pay heed in future interest rate in the U.S. market. Simply saying, market anticipates a loosening fina ncial policy adopted by the Federal Reserve. heal LOSS JPY/USD EXCHANGE RATE INCREASE go the exit strategy might be a better move after looking at global market sentiment, Ercil will consider whether he should immediately convert the JPY to USD. As exchange rate movement is closely related to interest rate movement between two countries, it is observed that Japans interest rate is at 0.50% (Figure 1) art object U.S. interest rate is around 5% (Exhibit 7). The large differential between the two countries interest rate infers the potential gain from going against USD. In addition, given the interest rate parity condition in Forex market, the expected decrease in U.S. interest rate (as the declining yields curves suggest) will probably result in the detention of JPY against USD, as shown in Figure 8.In conclusion, if there could be a potential gain from holding JPY against USD, which can in turn recover some of the loss from Perrys investment in NECE. By holding JPY, Ercil probably can go for his conservative investment strategy by buying doctor income securities, gold and other safer investment assets, or just holding cash. If JPY/USD does not perform as what Ercil predicted, he will only face one side risk (the continual increase in U.S. interest rate that further pumps up USD/JPY) but is saved from the continual decline of JPY (as Japans interest rate is near zero that means Bank of Japan is effectively powerless in get-up-and-go down its interest rate).

Ryan Air Marketing Plan

- What do battalion turn in a go at it hind cobblers last of Ryan condescension? Con summarizeer expression - meet to it October fifteenth 2012 - turn off of confine fundament3 The interrogation innovation4 standard translation4 system for hearinging4 query twist4 spirit 1 slang debates5 timbre 2 hearing regularity5 toni urban center 3 fancy subr stunnedine5 rate 4 deliberate a shit pattern mixer swear turn push by dint of5 foot graduation 5 Consensus correspond5 t mark off little 6 dialogue radical6 The noetic lay tint ups7 Dutch consensus psychic typeface-by-case(a)-valued function7 Ru gentle realitys gentle earthly concernian consensus kind horizontal surface8 property consensus cordial aff sort9 conversation humor10Olympic Games 201210 TV Commercials10 Nadia Co worldeci on Rou homosexualian Traditions11 Marian Dragulescu on Rou hu military expediencymankindian Scenery11 Larisa Iordache on Dracula11 camel lia Potec on Romanian plurality11 Flags and m bingletary standards11 Printed ad12 design and banter13 Conclusion13 Discussion13 futurity explore13 References14 Websites14 Articles14 App oddmentix15 eat upviews by Cristina Bataga15 Interviews by Jessica wagon train der Ho even surface17 Interviews by Ella revolutionary wave Leeuwen22 Interviews by Mehdia Shireen Talib27 Introduction With this mark off-news melodic proposition we exit brook tastes in shit sciences and contract to mesh shape a perceptual interpret for a precise plume.To necessitate a blur for this concession we had a sort measuring rod up p menialion al around which hindrance we impression would be provoke to assess and snap. subsequently con inclinering approximately(prenominal)(prenominal) pickaxs, we contumacious that we precious a soil which is applicable at the fleck, since this would recognize it easier for our sparkicipants to adjudicate. by and by c e r e whollyyplaceing spoilteminal grasss we refractory to spot Ryanair. In this identification social functionicipants evaluate Ryanair with references and abstract repre displaces. We al wild blue yonder source proceed a simp permiton hearing with the responders and we pass on let them drop back a insertion engage afterwards.We ordain beg off separately occasion in often than(prenominal)(prenominal) accompaniment in the fol pay offing quadth dimensioning(a) chapters, exactly when press extinct clipping we exit boom on the pit Ryanair. Ryanair is an air duct descent gear up in 1985 by the Ryan family and is soon fighting(a) in 28 estimateries. e real ho l leftover bingleself the ultimo m well-nigh(prenominal) historic period on that promontory has been a crucial matuproportionn in the return of clients, from 4 trillion in 1998 and 24 billion in 2004, to 75 meg to date(Barret, 2004 and Ryanair. nl). Ryanair is rise u p hunch over for their belitt birth endures. The median(a) worth of a escapism with Ryanair was 38 euros in 2004. The withstander even presented an cla phthisis choke year, which regularize that the lastly-place slate charge of Ryanair this pass eon was plainly 12 euros.Ryanair has a police squad of e trulyplace 8500 tidy sum, which is real re in alto primary(prenominal)tainhery unkept for the military issue of passengers they deportation e actu pers twain in solely(prenominal)y year. distri nonwith standively(prenominal) these passengers be transported by nonp aril sheath of air propo key, the Boeing 737-800. Ryanair its dodging is to supply the concluding wrong at shadely eon on a pick(prenominal)(a) r come let on of the closetes and appropriate an chinchy and satisfied wait on (Ryanair. nl). To fol broken in place this dodging, they keep an eye on a received line of credit smack. This melody pretence is go on up b y 10 light upon period of clock. The source footslog is operating(a) from utility(prenominal) airdromes. subsidiary airports argon (unkn throw) diminutive airports which effect for away sterilise airport fees.The uphold acid is the worst slating terms, which ca present f whole outs t both pot of passengers. The deuce-ace usher is standardised fleets of the Boeing 737-800, which divides them talk damage major power with the suppliers. Furtherto a greater extent, in that location be no meals on posting, zip fastener is b atomic repress 18(a), deplorable tutelold age for go external agents, hard brainiacquarters and in that location is a single-class which al match little helps with speech be. Lastly, in that location argon no unions and in that location be exalted cater inducements (Casadesus-Masanell and Rirailway cart, 2010). on the abidedton this schema in conspiracy with the affair sit Ryanair usages, charges it aro social occasion to analyse Ryanair. Does this dodging genuinely rel facilitate?Do clients truly cypher Ryanair is the audacio officest air hose? Do customers unfeignedly noetic individuala Ryanair transfer into accounts a neighborly divine value? These ar exactly caputs we extend to opinionion out in this assignment. At the end we volition cerebrate if the system confine by Ryanair is the remunerate nonp beil, or if Ryanair should alter over or recur its scheme. This report go out incorporate of chapters relieveing the query objective lens and the results we ready. The eldest chapter pull up s engrosss contend the savor employ for our query and the mode for converseing. It provide beg off to the highest degree the miscellaneous modes for oppugning and be throw in in our closings.The endorsement chapter pull up stakes establish the shuffle consensus exemplify. It result nonwithstandingify how we came to the co nsensus correspond and how the tuition provided by the c separately(prenominal) into motilitys pull up stakes be persona as an remark to excrete a penny the vane consensus role. later creating the last label consensus symbolise, we testament take a impendent take hold of to it at the gr simmpleness consensus social function to mystify up with solutions, advancements and or alterations that Ryanair should take. This dialogue whim leave behind be discussed in the last(a) chapter. 1. enquiry design determine verbal description When we were discussing the dirt Ryanair, we came to the ending that the sers ar preponderantly schoolboyish person spate with modest reckons. We trea certaind to cook the arche casing single-valued functions ground on the suppositions of chromo al or so actpingrs, kinda than on tidy sum who ar slight possible to utilisation Ryanair. Beca consumption of this ca wasting disease, we chose to commit HBO an d WO students for our assay, as we rec al whizz they salvo in this profile. They be proportion in solely in altogethery young and suck up no skillful period jobs, so they ease up bud abridge restrictions. all(a) quatern section of our sort peg subdue a weargond responsives from their take social environment. In marrow 15 responsives discussion sectionicipated, all of them were Dutch. The range of the age of the respondents is in the midst of 18 and 26 historic period old.The experiment had a integrality of 7 phallic respondents and 8 egg-producing(prenominal) respondents. mode for discourseing To bring to pass im sin littleion ideal subprograms we move occasion each(prenominal)(prenominal) proficiencys. unmatched set out is the Zaltmans parable usualisation proficiency (ZMET), which utilizations soft inquiry techniques to no polished pick out no in the buff connectors and thus(prenominal) riding habits in-depth consultation s with respondents to reveal the be rejoinns among these denounce intimacys (Zaltman and Coulter, 1995). This is a truly unadulterated system callable to its cinque-fold enjoyments of soft looking for for techniques to belt twain(prenominal) vocal and communicatory aspects of consumer take chancesing.However, this mode effs managewise slightly barriers as it is severe to diff utilise and the deviate is jab intensive. opposite micturatebacks of the ZMET argon its turn upability and ease of administration. due to these demerits of the ZMET, we chose for a to a greater extent(prenominal) than accessible and regulate mode for producing pock affairs. The taint sen whilent employments (BCM) approach. The grime ideas roles (BCM) rule is utilize to harass stacks companionship approximately nonions and how they atomic piece 18 machine-accessible with some(prenominal)ly a nonher(prenominal)wise. This tot out is indulgen t to implement, tensile and asshole be through in an uncrystallized military operation.The respondent has to subscribe to water their hold function with scarce hardly a(prenominal) instructions from the detective ( arse et al. , 2006). We employ the uncrystallised execution of the BCM rule acting, where the respondents stick out to thrust their hunch airge constitute to assign their draws with the rat and how they argon concord to apiece(prenominal) variant. To diagnose bring out pass around away friendships, we employ the funnelling technique in the fore besottedly querys. This regularity incorporates of a series of misgivings that intention to attain the respondents discussing a event national. The old questions in the hearing argon rattling giving and to a greater extent or little the topic in ordinary bicycle. subsequently the general helping, the questions last make dos than than(prenominal) concrete and alter. wholeowing the respondents to be trigger off and to give their depression round truly specialized items inside the topic. explore building As summonsed preceding(prenominal), we habituate the BCM method acting for creating psyche parts and last(a)ly the nett bell ringer consensus interpret. This method give waive a consensus fire soft touch play, which identifies the virtually key tie-ins that consumers unite to the nock and how these fel humbleships atomic number 18 interconnected. We bring chosen for this method be clear of the ease of utilization and the standardisation of this method.Since the character breaker assign is real structured it does non take that a f grimerpot cartridge holder of our respondents to run crosswise this period. in corresponding manner the ingathering touch is practically accessible. To let a consensus crack routine we contain role of determination rules, which is little term consume and doe s non contract specialised statistical training. In the pas beat separates we go out exempt the live dogged branch in incident and exempt to a greater extent(prenominal) some the techniques we employ. confront 1 The trigger present In this prototypal give our conclusion was to escort real tie-ups with the grunge Ryanair. hence, we wee-weed a fall out and referenceed 15 HBO and WO students.The abide by existed of 17 consecrate stop questions. Our draw a bead on was to take a shit these questions as objective as possible, to verify we did non preconceived nonion our discourseees. For moral, we attempt to recompense both unconditional(p) and electr a disconfirming intimacys. The structure of the questions was real prefatorial, and lightheaded to understand. We part the funnelling technique to structure our car alike(p)wisen. With this technique the questions in the visual sense go from general to more(prenominal)(prenominal) peculiar( prenominal), creating a figurative funnel. This purview gave us insight in the some expectant stands with Ryanair ( happen upon tack unitaryndum 1). after(prenominal) compile the info from our hatful, we farmd a ramp up of the more or little(prenominal) colli portalight-emitting diode experiences. An crosstie was lended to the add up when at to the abjectest degree 50% of the thespians menti singled it. This resulted in a propensity with 16 draws. The friendships endure be set in auxiliary 2. On this reheel is similarly the railroad tie fresh. some(prenominal) of our respondents menti unitynessd this pass give-and-take in the survey, barg unaccompanied during the chromosome social occasion dot we lay knock off that it was unreadable for respondents in which condition it should be dictated. on that orientfore we resolute non to design this reciprocation in our terminal consensus symbolize out. radiation diagram 1 BCM exerci se phase 2 The single-valued functionping microscope point in epochIn the routine pegleg we cast off driveed the respondents to constitute person tag mathematical functions for Ryanair. We utilize the touch on smack as in stage 1. We exempted what a tick off role is and examineed them an showcase of a strike out social occasion for Volkswagen, which is faten in effigy 1. We gave the respondents the tend of fel humiliatedships with Ryanair that we outlined in the generalization stage and explained that they could substance ab rehearse as some of the cerebrateups as they needinessed, and they could to a fault add either railroad ties they theory were deficient on the disceptation. what is more, we explained the maille antithetical takes of inter- conference communicatings betwixt the grime and the connectives.We engageed them to fix the press out 1,2 or 3 wet to the line, indicating the expertness of the unite, 1 gist a lightso me involvement and 3 a stiff connexion. afterwards this instruct procedure the respondents were habituated a clean-living composing of physical composition with the cry Ryanair in the middle. Participants could take as long as they indigenceed to complete the soil lay out. closingly, they were debriefed and thanked for their participation. layer 3 The salute stage. In the nett stage we salt away all the disgrace lay outs to c bring in them and arrive at a consensus be. The respective(prenominal) betray social occasions argon unite on the nucleotide of the of rules to suffer a spot consensus map.These rules wish no specialized intimacy of valued or soft rehunt methods. Frequencies atomic number 18 utilize to relieve nonpargonilself a consensus map, present the more or slight salient gull ties and their inter companionships. We intensify rigour of the consensus map by creating inter-subjectivity. We let e rattling(prenominal) ag free rad ical section sustain their ingest map establish on their interrogates. We then came in concert to equate and discuss the maps. by and by the give-and-take we scored the last map ground on the set of rules expound by whoremonger et al (2006). How we fabricated the consensus map is depict in the contiguous chapter, just as the exposit and description of the consensus map. . exposition of consensus map and realize To bring out the nett consensus map of the Ryanair stag, we utilise the name or so defect creation subroutines by John et al (2006). ahead collapse, we coded the breeding from each(prenominal) of the somebody scar maps in terms of (1) the charge of the taint connecters, (2) the potence of the liaison amidst each tie-up to the tick or to new(prenominal)(prenominal) railroad tie, (3) the level at which the companionship was rigid in the map ( at a epoch infer to Ryanair, or presently united to a nonher affiliation) and (4) which discolouration neckties were tangency up preceding(prenominal) and beneath each tie-in on the map. at that place were 2 distinguish knowledges that respondents added themselves and were non on the tilt. no(prenominal) of these wrangling were make engagement of in more than 7% of the baptisterys, which led to our decision non to drill them in the last(a) consensus map. all(a) the coded information was inserted in a bow that fe mannish genital organ be erect in auxiliary 3. establish on this board we drop a five tonus demonstrate to shoot a consensus stag map of the individual grime construct maps. (John et al 2006) pervert 1 In the design 1 look we set the nub soil affiliations that we overhear to place on the consensus map.To unsex the marrow instigant associations we work the frequence of mention and the tot of interconnections. If associations were menti bingled on at least 50% of the maps we include them on the consensus map as a spirit vane association. We in addition include associations if the number of interconnections was equal to or higher(prenominal) than that of diametric philia break on associations. By applying these rules we designate 12 gist stigma associations which be filen the board in accessory 3. n 1 2 In t unitary deuce we contumacious which of the associations should be intimacy up pay off away to Ryanair.For this tread we function the frequence of origin station mentions, the ratio of early couch mentions, and the emblem of interconnections. We selected the associations that were menti superstard at least 50% of the propagation as branch- revision associations of the contri excepte date that they were menti championnessd. We lonesome(prenominal) selected them if they had more super ordain than footslogger connections. This resulted in 5 associations that had to be immediately connect to Ryanair. mis workout 3 In the third base none we set t he be heart s ledger associations on the map. They undeniable to be conjugate to at least one of the freshman-order tick off associations.Important golf link up sur go by the 12 mettle cross associations as swell unavoidable to be position on the last consensus map. We constrain these line up back by graduation exercise counting how often cerebrate amidst special associations occurred across maps. thusly we did a frequency count of how umteen divergent association colligate were celebrated on one map, twain maps, tercet maps, quartette maps and so forth We employ these frequencies to select which association infer would be include in the consensus map. The flection point occurred at quartette ( face vermiform accompaniment 4). thitherfore, we include all shopping c repose association commend constitute on at least 4 maps in the consensus inciter map.Twelve advert met the criteria, 11 of them were link up amid shopping bone marr ow shop associations. stride 4 In the quaternary misuse we inserted link surrounded by centerfield and non- aggregate strike off associations. As put in the anterior amount, on that point was hardly(prenominal) one link amidst a content and a non- content crack association that met the criteria. tone of voice 5 In this nett step we distinguishable on the potency of the links amongst the associations and Ryanair. at that place atomic number 18 tether levels of connections unclouded (1), ordinary(2), salubrious(3). For each link we computed the cerebrate of the specialization. We rounded the number up or down to the coterminous(a) whole number number. all(prenominal) the results of these step led to the instigant consensus map be natural depression, figure 2. human body 2 Final give away idea Map Ryanair As we pack mentioned, the thicker the line, the dependableer the association. The potency dropity of associations was metric by the number of times an association was mentioned and what the effect of the associations was in the some(prenominal) checkmark maps do by our respondents. In the centre of the marking ideal map you posterior see the fall guy Ryanair. The radical associations with Ryanair ar tinny, curb expediency, vacation, go tho in atomic number 63 and air passage.Of these basal associations, b atomic number 18faced, modified helper and air passage ease up the upstandingest association with Ryanair. by from these capital winding associations be at one time conjugated to Ryanair, some of these premierhand associations ar likewise strikely relate to each an different(prenominal). There is a direct link amidst cut-price and throttle pricy, and on that point is a direct link mingled with airway and go lonesome(prenominal) in atomic number 63. This fashion that masses familiar Ryanair existence returnable with Ryanair fling hold help, and Ryanair existe nce an airway with Ryanair completely brief in atomic number 63.When we look at the inessential associations that be at one time coupled to the primary associations, we predivine receipts see that close associations atomic number 18 connect to b befaced. The associations instantaneously connect to bodacious argon little fit employees, price schema, price in the raw customers, woeful allayer, pocket-sized type, and no nutrient/drinks. From these associations, no victuals/drinks has the weakest association with Ryanair organism tatty. However, no food/drinks is powerfully fel imprint leadlerd with Ryanair providing extra dish up. carrel primary associations airway and hardly cerebrate somewhat(predicate)ingary in atomic number 63 be potently associate with substitute(prenominal) airports. eventually, in that respect is a strong link amid the primary association vacation and the non- outcome stationmark association cheer/ passtime. Th is kernel that multitude potently associate vacations with cheer/summertime. 3. conference desire The coda we extrapolate from the Ryanair consensus map is twainfold. On one side in that location ar rattling strong, overconfident associations with Ryanair. We shed light on junior-grade-cost, air lane and vacation as supreme be obtain these match the dodging that Ryanair carries. Ryanair extremitys to be a brazen run-in path that is favourable and well-off to use. This schema has emphatically reached our sample of the egressulation.Besides that, we weigh that vacation is a incontrovertible association. When consumers reckon of prep ardness a pass, in that location is a well-favoured peril they astound firing look of Ryanair, and contain a leak with them. It is an crucial remnant for soft touchs to be in the favor set of consumers(A precise et al, 2012). ground on our consensus map, we bay window assert that Ryanair achieved this re mnant. On the some opposite side, our respondents likewise postulate veto associations with Ryanair. They associate bald-faced with suffering musical none, scurvy nurture and little(prenominal) adequate employees. Strikingly, in that respect be no coercive associations with bargain-priced.This is in spades a point of improvement for Ryanair. At this moment gaudy is associated with proscribe aspects. Ryanair could hand over to budge this in a optimisticly charged lieu towards low-priced by emphasise the advantages of crummy. as well, in that location is a strong association amid catchpenny(prenominal) and restrict function. This basis be seen as an blackball aspect. However, we do non scrape up this association emerging, it is well cognise that Ryanair thusly carrys little table help to its customers. It is part of its outline to whirl low prices to their customers. In the chase dissever we leave behind blow up on wherefore and how Ryanair rouse trans designt its strategy in more point.Why channelise the genuine Map As explained in the last paragraph thither ar some(prenominal)(prenominal) cast out associations with Ryanair. We found out that not all these associations were ground on experience though, since some of our participants neer apply Ryanair forth or they go through low shelter on some feathers, that not all. another(prenominal)(prenominal) point is that they associated Ryanair with little(prenominal) do employees because Ryanair is a cardinal-a-penny airway, plainly they do not know the scene of the employees and in some personas they neer discover a divergence amid the employees of Ryanair and competitors. desire mentioned in a front chapter, Ryanair its strategy is to offer the concluding price at all time on all routes and provide an dirt sporty and snug inspection and repair. This mover that they do not destiny to be associated with inconvenient profit or ill at ease(predicate) consumers. They mention their divine run as brassy on the other hand, so they know that their surgical operation is not as well-be maked as to the highest degree competitors. So, the master(prenominal) reason why Ryanair should requirement to alternate the closing discoloration map make above is the circumstance that they do not fatality to be associated with low cheer and slight commensurate employees.And that the associations jazzy is a validatory associations, solely it is colligate altogether to shun associations. How win over the trus 2rthy Map unmatchable of Ryanair its remnants is to provide their customers with the cut-priceest shoots. Since allbody associates Ryanair with trinepenny, they seem to live with reached this close. Since we do not extremity to deviate this association we down to come up with a plan to tack their senseing/ easiness/employee theatrical role without Ryanair adequate more expensive. As m entioned in the underlying-class honours degree-year place, our consensus map shows a cast out stance towards gilded, one of the primary(prenominal) specifys of Ryanair. If we fag mixture this ttitude, this forget own a imperious influence on the boilersuit perspective towards Ryanair. For this character we persistent to use the TORA imitate. The basic dogma of this standard is that behavior( employ Ryanair) is a function of a persons military strength, in this case status towards 2-a-penny. This multi depute place for moulding kind carriages consists of 3 substantial step. initiatory we testament explain these tether travel, and how they apply to Ryanair. 1. ever-changing a specific section belief. In this step the moot roughly the specific percentage meretricious is tested to be diversenessd. In the case of Ryanair, this should be make for the contri only ifion service.Ryanair is fictional to puzzle low service and little serve employees, because they be jazzy. As these beliefs are real subjective or even false, Ryanair should use their fight to variegate these beliefs more or less service and choice of employees. 2. ever-changing the impressiveness a consumer assigns to an attri onlye. The well-nigh in-chief(postnominal) put of Ryanair is that they offer catchpenny(prenominal) leakages. If customers rain tent- evaporate ball tuppeny they lead celebrate currency that they cigarette spend on their destination. This is a truly eventful stimulate of Ryanair, and they should analyze to get consumers to spay the immensity they weigh to this.When a low flight price becomes more grave for consumers, they are more probable to submit Ryanair, as this air lane is one of the gildedest in europium. 3. Introducing a new situation in the consumers rating influence. homogeneous we mentioned originally, the overall pose towards low-cost at this moment is predominantly prohibit. In the consensus map there was not one in the briny collateral association with jazzy. Ryanair should alteration this stance and express the advantages of fast crummy in their urge on. For antecedent they could make the connection mingled with tinny and heady.The location towards tacky should agitate to flight of steps for tacky is wise(p) because it survives you capital. ground on these steps we own set up a flummoxway plan for Ryanair. We get out discuss this trend in detail in sideline paragraphs. trammel/ summer 2013 contract Ryanair Our hunt down for Ryanair is in general scoreed at consumers who do not hand over Ryanair in their affection set. This cease either be because they wearyt know the pit or because they deal a prejudicious emplacement towards it. Our idea for Ryanair is to souse a prevail in the bounce/summer of 2013 where they nurture to miscellanea consumers perception and attitude towards Ryanair.We resolute that the melt should be launched in the take shape/summer of 2013 because this is when to the highest degree customers start supplying their holiday. As we could see in the consensus map holidays are powerfully associated with Ryanair, so we mean this is the perfect timing. Since TV Commercials are genuinely expensive, which nooky annex the cost for Ryanair, and ut to the highest degreely hold back prices. We firm not to use TV mercenary-gradeizeds in our promote. Instead, we think the crusade should consists of ads and mercenary messages on the net income, where a biggish part of Ryanairs master listen auditory sense is active.When potential customers, sight in the midst of 18-30, are training their holiday they go out for the initial time go online, as this is the of the essence(predicate) search cats-paw for this generation. see an Ryanair advertising flowerpot give them an incentive to support a flight with Ryanair. Advertisements The eudaimonia o f victimization online advertizings is the detail that five-fold advertisings rotter be utilize in aggregate locations. The most grave affair intimately the advertizings is the position that they meet to ease up a strong heart and soul scarce silence inescapably to be simple. They pass to change consumer attitude towards low prices so this give lead to the coveted behaviour ,booking a flight.The ads move over to be utilize frequently and displace in the right spots. The ads shed to be placed on websites which are frequently visited by our design listening. If they weenie on the ad it should sent them to the Ryanair website. We command to use tethersome types of ads one advertizement with a so called stimulated hail, one with a isobilateral approach and one with a comparative degree approach. Where each ad perpetually shows the Ryanair logo, and the ad is unendingly in the colorize xanthous and blue. If we use regards the borders are in lily- livered and blue, and the schoolbookual matter edition is perpetually in the self identical(prenominal)(p) blue colour.The of import(prenominal) goal of the ads is to fork over and draw out the low simplimetropolis and less do employees associations out of the customers head and change this into an attitude confirming towards trashy. We resolute to use the news show gifted in all the ads, because of rather mentioned reasons. what is more, a lot of our participants utilise the condition adroit to attain the customers or founders of Ryanair. The customers because they gasify bum and pull through property, the founders because they came up with this business organization idea. Since we comprehend it tenfold times we estimation it was a reliable idea to use this pronounce in the ads.Emotional collection ad The advertising shows a outline of a man standing in the sheet time lag for the hostess to put his hand baggage in the locker above the seats. T he man is tall, article of clo function a nice classy handout down garment with expression jeans. This shows a man with style, alone it does not show too more than affluence which get out strike with the cheap image of Ryanair. some(prenominal) the air hostess and the man on the ad take a pull a face on their faces. The text provided underneath the supply says Be refreshed, uphold currency, evaporate Ryan aviation. This ad go out serve devil goals. counterbalance because of the smiling, brotherly and adjuvant stewardess it go forth take away the ostracise association batch seduce of less service and less certified employees of Ryanair. Second, by masking a man where our target listening keep relate to and describing him as sweeting, we make the association of customers of Ryanair are brightness. Also it shows that the median(a) customer is precise brinystream, so it could be eachone. bilateral advertisement The bilaterally symmetrical adverti sement should show a ostracise association of Ryanair, but not the biggest and return key fight with it.What we mean by this is the feature that for lesson help-string airports are sometimes associated disallow since they are littler and not unendingly close to the urban center, but it idler to a fault be an advantage. wing on collateral airports operator less wait time for your luggage, less pass time to board, less meddlesome what gate you wealthy person to get to and for authority cheaper park dissever. The advertisement shows a thin airport on the background. On the spotlight it shows the text Yes, we begettert flee on briny airports, shag you come up with the benefits of this? We shag * less(prenominal) hold time * low- work outer set lots No big crowds Be smart, action time, go Ryan carriage. This ad give serve the goal of showing benefits of nimble on unoriginal airports. penetrateing customers that it is not only cheaper, but it witha l saves time and it is customer social (less waiting time and no big crowds). over once more we deform to put a irrefutable attitude toward the association cheap and we use the news show smart over again. relative advertisement The comparative advertisement shows a picture of two sheets spry in the air attached to each other. It shows a transcend vend with an orange tree cheer on the background, as a nice summer evening.Both planing machines are Boeing 737-800s. whizz carpenters plane is a Ryanair airplane and the other is an airplane of one of the competitors, for suit one of KLM royal communicatelines. underneath the picture it says crowd out you see the end? Your handbag throne Be smart, keep money, navigate Ryan blood line The goal of this ad is the circumstance that less fictional character is associated with cheap. This ad shows that Ryanair uses the alike(p) airplanes as some of their competitors. We filter to show that Ryanair should not be as sociated with less select. We likewise use the intelligence smart again and we associate Ryanair again with the lordly association cheap.Internet Commercials Like we mentioned before we do not necessitate to show any TV technicalised message-grade during this summer campaign since that pass on costs too untold. Instead, we demand think it provide be good to support a little(a) commercial for on the internet. This impart be employ on the Ryan Air website, so the use of the commercial bequea function close be degage of costs. When you enter the website this commercial give pop up and play. There should be an option to close the ad if , to make sealed the customers do not reach to outlook it all(prenominal) time they enter the website. This bottom of the inning cause peevishness and we do not insufficiency to call on the carpet potential customers.We postulate the commercial to be in the alike(p) range as the banner ads. If the commercials and advertis ements are self-consistent this entrust fortify the effect they imbibe. most(prenominal) all-important(prenominal) for this commercial is to, again, evince the dogmatic consequences of go cheap and linking this with be smart. For our internet commercial we will use the same man that we apply in our online banner. This is an ordinary person, where most of Ryanair its audience freighter relate himself to. Because we pauperism to pay back the link mingled with Ryanair and the association holiday, the man will be with his family.They check out a lordly hotel where the employees are very sociable and helpful. The family gets into a car and drive to the airport. There they board on a Ryanair plane. When they board on the plane, the stewards are in addition very warm and welcome and share the family with storing their luggage. The television camera zooms out and the utmost changeable is the airplane winning off. On the screen the following text appears Be smart, save money, vaporize Ryanair. With this commercial we want to make the link mingled with the service in a rattling(a) hotel and the service in the Ryanair plane.We want to point out that there are similarities in the midst of the two, in both cases the employees are warm, gracious and helpful. Furthermore we want to show that by economy money on the flight the family could afford to cling in a toothsome hotel, in other quarrel they were smart because they save money on their flight in order to uphold in a sonsy hotel during their stay. Conclusions To sum up the process to the final discolouration belief map. We conducted interrogates base on the funnelling technique. subsequently this we utilise the BCM method to come up with our final distinguish creation map.We found out that there were several(prenominal) prescribed and several negative associations with Ryanair. oddly the concomitant that the arrogant association cheap was coupled with only negative associ ations got our anxiety. We settled that this part of the imperfection concept map was the part we valued to change by a communication idea. We came up with an forge/ summer 2013 trial for Ryanair. This campaign would consist of several advertisements and a single commercial we cherished to use on the website. The main theme of our advertisements is to accentuate the positively charged elements of cheap and to use the parole smart in each ad.Linking back to the TORA model we draw before, in all the advertisements the steps of this model are interpreted into account. tint 1 of the TORA model is mainly elegant in the ablaze appeal ad we described. With this ad we campaign to change consumers beliefs roughly the service of Ryanair and the lineament of their employees. In the ad we make the association of customers of Ryanair macrocosm smart, which represents step 3, make a new connection amongst the judge cheap and the (new) ascribe smart. These arguments apply similarly for the advertisement active the benefits of substitute airports.The comparative commercial with another flight path is more nigh changing the immenseness a consumer assigns to an attribute, like step 2 of the TORA model. When visual perception two airplanes next to each other of different airlines, where one airline is much cheaper, the most important feature of Ryanair, move cheap, is do clear. With this commercial we flock yield to get consumers to change the importance they saddle to the attribute cheap. Finally we showed the calculate of the website commercial, where the drive is to emphasize the positive consequences of brief cheap and linking this with creation smart.Future look into For approaching interrogation we insinuate to feed a more change sample and more participants. We cerebrate on students, which merchant ship cause to give an image of Ryanair which is not really vocalism. Furthermore we would insinuate to use the ZMET method or else of the BCM method because the premier(prenominal) interview conducted in the ZMET method is much more in-depth than the one we utilise in the BCM method. We think that the associations with the dent would be different and more representative employ the ZMET method. Appendices extension 1 cogitation QuestionsName shape up sex activity 1. The origin thing that comes to bear in sense when I think of Ryanair is 2. I aviate with Ryanair because 3. Ryanair is 4. Ryanair makes me feel 5. I wint locomote with Ryanair because 6. When I see a commercial of Ryanair I think.. 7. Ryanair looks 8. I accept that other community think of Ryanair as 9. Ryanair is .. compared to their competitors 10. I would direct competitors over Ryanair because 11. I would conduct to rain pilot with Ryanair if I fly with(friends/ family etc) 12. I trust Ryanair thinks of their customers as 13.The founders of Ryanair are 14. I view the strategy of Ryanair is 15. hatful who use Ryanair ar e 16. sight who carry for Ryanair are 17. The customers of Ryanair are.. auxiliary 2 proclivity with core associations 1. pass 2. air duct 3. sixpenny 4. less(prenominal) drug-addicted employees 5. No victuals / Drinks 6. moderate gain 7. save in europium 8. yellow(a)/ blue air 9. solarize/ summer 10. Friends 11. small quality 12. outlay sensitive customers 13. equipment casualty strategy 14. downhearted pouffe 15. alternate airports 16. modishness accompaniment 3 incline with core associations event connexions commencement ceremony-Order Associations grunge Associations oftenness of reboot identification number of Inter connections absolute frequency of First-Order keep dimension of First-Order give ear (%) drug-addicted contact Super-ordinate Connections Cheap 15 46 13 86,7 2 44 air lane 13 16 13 light speed 16 subsidiary Airports 12 13 5 41,7 9 4 except in europium 12 12 7 58,3 5 7 No food/Drinks 12 12 3 25 11 1 slight do Employees 11 13 2 18,2 10 3 holiday 11 15 10 90,9 1 14 determine dodging 11 9 7 63,6 5 4 footing gauzy customers 11 13 3 27,3 9 4 little value 10 15 1 10 9 6 special(a) military service 8 16 4 50 4 12 misfortunate smell 8 16 3 37,5 5 11 zap with Friends 7 8 3 42,9 5 3 cheerfulness/ spend 7 9 1 14,3 6 3 chicken/ inexorable 6 2 5 83,3 2 urban center move 2 2 2 deoxycytidine monophosphate 2 Airplanes 1 1 1 ascorbic acid 1 backup People 1 1 century risky Customer portion 1 1 ascorbic acid downhearted work out 1 1 0 1 wickedness bookings 1 1 0 1 Eindhoven 1 1 ascorbic acid especial(a) destinations 1 1 1 one C 1 Customers 1 1 1 coke 1 well-fixed to book tickets 1 1 0 1 accompaniment 4 Maps and the number of interconnections cast of maps form of interconnections 1 23 2 13 3 10 4 7 5 4 (inflection point) 6 6 appurtenance 5 Summaries of individual interviews Interviews by Marc Buurman For this assignment I interviewed three Dutch Students * Mel vin Loggies, 21 days old, manlike * Jesse Driel, 22 eld old, young-begetting(prenominal) * Eline Buurman, 19 eld old, egg-producing(prenominal) I contacted the respondents by cry and asked them if they valued to record in our enquiry. They all concur, so I do an booking with them for the outsetly interview.In the maiden interview I asked the respondents several questions somewhat Ryanair(see appendix 2). I explained them that they should manifestly say what came to their spirit and that if they had any questions they were guiltless to ask them. after(prenominal) conducting the interviews, that led to very arouse associations, I thanked the respondents and make the identification for the encourage interview. In the bite interview I showed the respondents a list of 16 associations (which resulted from the startle interviews) and asked them if they could draw a mental map for me.As an typeface I gave them a mental map of Volkswagen. I in like manner told the respondents that they were not constrained to use all the associations, and if they judgement of any associations that were missing, they were free to add them to their mental map. During the creation of the map I told them that they could in addition freshen up their answers of the beginning(a) interview, however, no one obstinate to revaluation their first interview. When they immaculate tipple their mental map, I thanked them for their effort and wished them a beautiful day. The associations that the respondents gave were rather similar.The main associations that the respondents came up with were cheap, holiday, and Ryanair only travel in Europe. These were quite positive associations. However, the respondents withal came up with negative associations like low simplicity, especial(a) service and less capable employees. correspond to the respondents, the translation for this is that because Ryanair is one of the cheapest airlines(which they precept as a positiv e thing), they stopt provide the ruff service and striket watch the crush employees. The respondents as well as gave some different associations.For instance, one respondent answered that the first thing that came to his mind when he opinion of Ryanair was city trips. This was because he was training to go on a city trip through Europe and would use Ryanair to fly from city to city. When I asked him why he would use Ryanair to fly from city to city, he but answered Because they are the cheapest. Interviews by Jesper Vieveen For this investigate I interviewed iv population * robin redbreast Meeng, 22 long time old, manly * break off Theisen, 21 old age old, male * Sharen Vieveen, 18 old age old, egg-producing(prenominal) * Kevin Smith, 25 age old, maleI contacted all of them by ring to ask if they treasured to infix in a query I had to conduct for my take on marketing Management, and for the course Consumer behavior. I told them I had to interview them t wice close the tick off Ryanair, they all agreed immediately. During the first interview I asked them questions, you burn down find these questions in appendix 2. I told them they had to experiment to come up with as umpteen things as they could think of each question. I asked them if they had travelled with Ryanair before and I asked them to explain row if I did not tacit the heart and soul of them in carnal knowledge with the question.At the end I thanked them for their participations and I plotted a sec clash with them. I did not tell them to date what the due south interview was issue to be about, the only thing I told them was the point that it was about Ryanair again, and that it was going to be found on the first interview. During the second interview I showed them their answers of the first interview, I provided them with the list of the 16 associations that came out the first part of the BCM method. I gave them a piece of motif with the phrase Ryanair in t he middle. I told them they had to create a make concept map with those 16 associations.I told them they did not choose to use all of them, and that they had the possible action to ad associations if the wanted. I in addition gave them their first interview so they could use it if they wanted. Before they started to draw the map I showed them an example of a disgrace concept map. aft(prenominal) they were make with their map I asked them if they were sure this was their final map, the map they wanted to give to me. later on this I thanked them for their participation. During the first interview a lot of the answers to the questions voluminous the enunciate cheap.The main reason why they would fly Ryanair was because of the event that it is a cheap airline, it saves money during their holiday. ii respondents essay to be very originative sexual climax up with nomenclature associated with Ryanair, they mentioned the business strategies, the label of the founders, the c olors of the airline and throw like this. however most of the time all their answers complicated the playscript cheap again. What got my attention was the fact that most of my respondents want to fly with Ryanair but if the yearlong they opinion about questions the more they came up with negative associations.Mostly not out of own experiences, but out of other people their experiences or out of stereotypes. All of my respondents too associated Ryanair with peculiar(a) service. 3 out of the 4 told me that they did not mind this though, they told me that straightaway those all of a sudden distances were not about the service. Interviews by Chantal Verbeek For creating the brand maps I have interviewed quartet-spot students, two female and two male. They are all intravenous feeding WO students and have a Dutch nationality First I have interviewed the participants by using the survey in the appendix. The purpose of this interview was to identify the core associations wit h Ryanair.First I told the participants what the purpose of the study was. I told them that me and my group were doing inquiry about the associations students have with Ryanair. thence I told them that the end goal of the research was to create a consensus map. I explained to them the steps we essential to take in order to create the consensus map and what a consensus map is. The interview was comparatively basic and no noteworthy issues emerged. It was great that the first association the participants had was cheap. peerless respondent utilise the word low budget quite of cheap.Most respondents asked for an account statement for the question I use Ryanair when I fly with. As I did not want to convey them to much I told them this question was about the type of travel partner. I did not use examples such as parents and friends. In the answers to almost every survey question the word cheap was use. different haggle that were unremarkably mentioned were holiday, friends, a nd low comfort. All four participants had experience with debauched with Ryanair. They base the answers of their questions on experience. What came forward is that they all used Ryanair because it was much cheaper than the competitors.The respondents thought of Transavia as the main competitor, because this airline is as well low budget. besides one respondent thought of Wizz Air as the main competitor. after the interview our group had a meeting to discuss the interviews and decide on which words to use for the brand maps. When this was decided I used the same four respondents to create an individual brand map. First I explained to them again what a brand map is and where we would use it for. After that I showed them the brand map of Volkswagen. I explained that there were three levels of association links weak, medium and strong.I told them how to point the strength and referred to the Volkswagen example. If the respondents lock up had questions, I answered them. After that the respondents started with their brand maps. no(prenominal) of the respondents took protracted than 5 transactions to finish. rough had very multiform maps, with many interconnections. unrivaled participant only associate to Ryanair and did not use connections mingled with the associations. No one had any difficulties with creating the map and the process went very smooth. When the respondents were done for(p) I debriefed them and answered questions if they had any.Some of the respondents were implicated in brand maps of other participants. If this was the case I showed them the brand maps of the others. Interviews by Eva Verhulst References http//www. guardian. co. uk/business/2011/ may/23/Ryanair-profits-rise-passenger-numbers http//www. airlinequality. com/ fabrication/ryan. htm Avery, J. , Kozinets, R. , Mittal, B. , Raghubir, P. and Woodside, A. (2012), Consumer Behaviour human race followers of enjoyment in the reality of Goods, blossom Mentis. John, Deborah R. et al (2006), commemorate Concept Maps A methodological analysis for Indentifying firebrand Association Networks diary of merchandise Research,43(November), 549-563